The New Global World

The New Global World 1450-1620 * Clovis Culture: Stone tool for technology * Were not in harmony with nature

The Invasion and settlement of North America
England
* First capitalist nation * Nation has left behind legacies * Peculiar history

1065: Under Anglo- Saxon * Conquered by French King William who crosses channel and slays anglo-saxon king called Norman Conquest, which takes place Battle of Hastings * Signing of the Magna Carta in 13th century * House of commons (common people) * House of Lords (inherited)
Assetts
* Legal system derived from common law: settles disputes on a local level with judges * Secular: judges not represented by church * Property rights * The nobility set out to destroy Feaudalism
Henry VIII * 1534: attacks Catholic church, goes to pope for divorce, pope denies, asks archbishop for divorce with sanction of parliament * New face of church: takes tradition and destroys it under his power, but faced with debt
Elizabeth Bolyn: one who becomes dominant and modernizes England
- Begins to patronize men
- Patrons of merchants (photographers, mapmakers, pirates)
- Charters corporations willing to trade
- Study of navigation start to explore New World
- Fish was going to make money
- Sir John Hawkins: worked for Elizabeth (amazing navigator)

King Philip of Spain wants to invade England * 1588: Brings massive group to England, but England has better sailors and Spain fails * Now England can explore NW freely
Ireland: 1560’s. The dry run for colonization * Becomes Template colinaztion is not going well at first
Sir Walter Raleigh: The Roanoke area (Lost Island)

1607: Virginia
The Virginia Company (Jamestown) * Colony founded by a chartered company * People who settled it, servants of company * Spectacular failure at first because were ill prepared and majority of settlers died * Diseases: Malaria * John Smith: Comes to Jamestown, kept colony going with iron, captured by Indian Powhatan, but was spared * Tobacco: already high demand in England (The Jovial Weed) * Indentured Servant: someone who sells apart of their working lives in exchange for passage from Europe to the New World, but not slaves * 5% acquired freedom
Pocahontis: Connected Indians and Europeans * Not normal (massacre in Virginia) * Short after Maryland was founded

European Colonies of the Atlantic Coast (1607-1639) * Puritans (Puritanism provides certainty or Zelod) * John Calvin (Calvinists) 1. God is all powerful 2. Humans have no free will
TULIP
1. Total Depravity (sinful/cannot be saved 2. Unconditional Election (predestination) 3. Limited Atonement (Jesus died on cross?) 4. Irresistible Grace (God’s chosen ones can never reject salvation) 5. Perserverence of the Saints (the chosen will never fall away from their state of Grace)

Pilgrims: First group to New World * show up in Massachussets * arrive 1620 in November and struggle * 1st successful English colony, but it was the Puritans who created a “Godly” community
John Winthrop: head of massachussets settlement/ Puritan * obsession for community * well educated and ready for settlement
The Great Migration: 1630-1640’s
-20,000 Puritans settled in New England, and forever made their imprint
- Immediately became successful ex: Harvard, Printing Press, Published Books, System of Education (taxes), elementary schools
-People who went against Puritan beliefs were “booted” off the island
1. Roger Williams first one to propose idea of separation of religion and state
2. Ann Hutchinson Held meetings in her house over Calvinism, Ultimately voted off island, goes to NY and slaughtered by Indians

Freake Family : Where they settled was interesting * no malaria * natural resources * (90% of children lived to reproduce in this region)
Colonists in New England moved to better houses * permanent structures * Dress/Fashion: very well * Men work fields, women cook * Hyperlitical culture: Read Bible/texts * 1st American Best seller: “The Day of Doom” * Oliver Cromwell Captured and beheaded King Charles I
Halfway Covenant: Richard Mather wanted to baptize children even if they weren’t a part of the church * issue of Calvinism

French Catholicism in 17th Century * Set up colonies in city of Quebec * Founded outposts Canada * Overwhelming men (fur-traders, traitors, and Jesuits)
Jesuits
* Fighting Scholars * Military baring on how they live their lives * Catholic * Skilled in arts * Do not criticize Indians for the way they lived
Middle Colonies * New Netherland, Sweden, New York * New York is associated with Commerce
The Restoration Colonies * Settled after Charles II returns to England * Carolina, Penn, Deleware, New Hampshire, New York * Carolina mimics Chesapeake Colony * Different Cultures
Quakers: radical branch of Protestantism * not Calvinists * reject predestination * Share beliefs of desentralized church * Dress differently elevated ordinary people for preachers * Refused military service * Did not believe in social destinction * Persecuted, imprisoned, deported tried to find new home in New World
William Penn: son of British admiral and has connections with Government * Dad basically gives him Pennsylvania * Religious freedom starts there * Pennsylvania becomes a haven for “asylum for banished religions”

The African Slave Trade * 6 out of 7 people coming to America were slaves * Locals produces tobacco and sugar * Without slaves, we would not prosper (slaves were immune to diseases, provided labor, supplied culture) * Traded Ivory, Gold, etc. * Slaves were soldiers, administrators, and even royal advisors * Mid 1400: Portugal started trading slaves * Gold Coast: Gold was traded more often than slaves

The Triangle Trade
-European goods traded for slaves
- High Demand for Sugar
- Spain was the first major movers of slaves
- 1510 legalization of slave trade

Effect of Competition * Warfare * Slave rating * 2/3rds were men * villages were abandones * altered ratio of men and women * Olaudah Equino: slave that speaks up, convinced that he entered a world of bad spirits
The Middle Passage * Men and women separated * Limitied movement * Tortured * A lot of mixing of Spaniards, Indians, Africans * French Lousiana: greatest chance of freedom * Slave labor became prirorty when building plantations
Slavery important in North * merchants got most of their profit from transporting slaves * If you were a slave, your child is a slave * Black Codes: borrowed carribean colonies, based on color you could not do a variety of things vote, own land * Slaves were property
Slave Culture: * Masters controlled everything * Slaves lived longer in North America * Rice growing culture a lot of disease * Slaves in Carolinas joined agriculture groups * African outnumbered whites 3:1 * Spoke their own language called Gullah * Slaves in north lost a lot of their tradition * Population was smaller in North

Massive Population Growth 1720-1765 * resistance to diseases * people aren’t dying * Germans are coming over (mid-atlantic) * Scots and Scot-Irish * English still dominant group * Germans are desperate to come to America and are willing to take risks (self- selecting groups) * Germans came for promise of LAND * Indians at this time were trading FURS with Europeans * Beavers were beloved by Europeans (hats) * Ultimately these trades were not healthy

The French Crescent * Imperial wars between Britain, Spain and French * Traders “woodrunners” (French) * New Orleans- primary French city along with Louisiana

New England was the place to be * highest chance of survival * healthiest * not focused on crop (mixed), fished, farmed, grazed sheep, wood working * Population is exploding so bad it is putting them into conflict with Indians already there * Primarily catholic
Women
* kept inside closed walls * insanity, prostitution, prison * Most women did work in their households * 2nd class status in colonial world * Women could become midwives * lives revolved around performing/ fixing things * midwifery: delivering babies
Kids
* beter 1700s than 1600s * discipline less harsh * children became center of love and affection
Environment
* deforestation * pigs/cows: domestic animals that competed with other animals * no longer us against wilderness
Colonial Exports * Middle colonies: Grains * Chesapeake: Tobacco * NE: fish and timber
William Byrd: major planter, extremely wealthy, educated, 100 slaves * Wrote diary in code really up to no good * Dies before American revolution

Cities are important in capitalism * Intellectual ideas/activities * Ameritocracy * Key cities in South Charleston and Savannah * Imports and exports in cities * Slaves were major imports

Merchants: were major key figures in colonial cities * Retailors * Ship Builders * Photo capitalists * Imitated fashion from London
Artisans: Were the next step down from merchants * Not elite * Very skilled * Made functional pieces for merchants * Loss of Puritan ways * New emphasis on luxary and status * Rich in colonies get richer

Enlightenment Movement * comes along with capitalism * age of reason * notion of God * no determinism * John Locke: political Philosopher * Isaac Newton: Scientist * Volter: Mocked church (French) * Optimistic lifestyle * “Think before I am” * Many Diests: believe in God, but derived from enlightenment period, thinking human knowledge

Different groups in America 1. Africans : southern colonies 2. Germans: Endentured sercvants/ mid atlantic, brought crop rotation, deer, cheeses, etc. 3. Puritans: strict, historic, bland food 4. Quakers: Chesapeake, religious freedom 5. English settlers: Chesapeake, 1st aristocracy, built lifestyle of wealth, family (many slaves) 6. Scotts Irish: looked down upon, protective of family, ruthless, back countries of colonies, played central role in revolution

John Edwards: Great awakening, Wrote “Sinners in the hands of an angry God”
George Whitfield: affective in order, British, Anglican minister, Calvinists, but not to an extreme, preached against established church, went on an American tour to preach
Gilbert Tennent: Preacher during Great awakening
Samuel Davies: Forms Evengelical Churh

Colonists in Common * all colonists were victims of identity crisis aware they were not members of British colony (2nd class) * All colonies have thriving institutions of self-government all males participated * None of the colonies are represented in parliament virtual representation * Great awakening: gives them vocabulary that makes them understand American Revolution, gives colonists a sense that authority could be displaced and undercut * Americans are conversant with language that is tied together with two words, Virtue and Corruption * Associated with political movement with parliament whigs: criticized king

How did American Revolution really come about? * outbreak of number of imperial wars * war of Jenkins ear * they draw in all European powers and involve Americans as well * colonists do nor appreciate British lead to resentment * Leads to Seven Years War
Seven Years War * British colonists pushing west * American reunion “Join or Die” * George Washington plays role in starting the imperial conflict * Catalyst for worst war of all * British won * Opening battles are disastrous * Key figures: 1. Washington 2. Horatio Gates
King George III * not very sharp, inconsistent * Sugar Act: raise revenue on molasses * Currency Act: prohibits colonists of issuing paper

Stamp Act: Act trigger protest colonists succeed in persuading parliament to back down * Imposes taxes on printing material (newspapers, cards, legal papers) * House of Burgesses, Sam Adams caused trouble and helped organize protests * Organized meeting and hung local stamp collector, burned building
Thomas Hutchenson: attacked by angry mob that destroys his house * Stamps and counter stamps
Stamp Act Congress: forerunner of continental congress, boycott British goods- Patriots known as sons of liberty convince people to stop buying 1. mobs 2. organize across lines 3. hit British in economy
1776 Stamp Act repealed
Charles Townshend: tax colonial imports such as glass and paper * colonists penalized if buy British goods * British Goods taxes go to salaries of imperial officials
John Dickinson writes newspaper
“Parliament can do things to regulate trade, but not without representation”
-Townshend acts leads to open arm rebellion
John Hancock: merchant, wealthy, made money by commerce

Boston Massacre * British soldiers attack civilians * British fire into crowd * Patriots defend soldiers
Tea Act * tea comes to colonies * politicians shares go up * colonists have to pay small tax admitting empire controls them * Franklin causes controversy with letters from Thomas Hutchenson * Tea is never delivered to colonies * People prevent tea from being delivered, but Thomas Hutchenson will not back down and wants to unload tea
Boston Tea Party: men dress up as Indians, board ships, and dump tea into the Boston Harbor * everyone knows Franklin is guilty for letters * He is summoned, “Franklin at court of St. James, London, 1774 * Franklin returns home in shame
Intolerable Acts: Boston will no longer so business until they pay for tea * Troops are required to be quartered in private houses (Quartering Act)
Quebec Act: high minded religious parliament; grants French right to worship as they please (Catholics) * Colonists do not like this (puritans)
1774: First Continental Congress (Phileadelphia)
George Washington: went to church but went to all different kinds * If wants to be a leader he cannot be just one religion
Declaration of rights and grievances: no intention of submitting to new taxes * Create continental association * Cutting commercial ties with empire
Patrick Henry: urges millions of Americans to stand up to British * “Give me liberty, give me death” * British commander in Boston who knows civil society is coming apart * He authorizes trooped to seize gunpowder
Paul Revere: warn militias that British are coming

Lexington and Concord * militia fires against British militia swarming countryside
Battle of Bunkerhill: British attacks and captures * men above Hill are farmers or others who are not trained * worst day for British
Second Continental Congress: Meets before battle of bunkerhill, but after Lexington and concord * created continental army * credited by John Adams * France is against British; joins continental army * King has hired foreigners to kill Americans
Thomas Pain: arrives in the philedelphia and catches attention of American elite * writes “Common Sense” * rejects idea that America should remain under British * Goes after king directly:” King is descendants from savages calling him a brute and an ass * Extremely popular * Uses religious language to prove his points * Uses his words well
1776: second continental government states colonies are no longer under British rule * Still needs to declare independence
Thomas Jefferson: writes decleration of Independence does to Admas to franklin 2nd continental congress, which was then torn apart * Jefferson is mad * Congress votes on declaration * July 2 1776: delegate joins political party and signs declaration * Declaration aimed at Americans, but more aimed at foreigners.
War and Revolution * conflict that is staggeringly complex * war takes place in 3 stages 1. Massachusets 2. Middle states 3. South
“How did Americans possibly win? * incompetence on British Side * Lord George Germain * Sir Henry Clinton
American Side * lots of people willing to fight, but not prepared for warfare * people who join continental army are looking for adventure, want to kill, historical animosity (a lot are Irish) * poor down trotting group of people * unreliable group of people not moving with continental army * Local men: tend not to be pardoned and are not prepared for deaths, and desert the continental army
Valley Forge * the depreciation of continental currency * paper money will be redeemed * Robert Morris: requested to be a superintendent of congress * Took his own fortune and merged it, put us back on financial stability