Preview

Surface Runoff

Satisfactory Essays
Open Document
Open Document
692 Words
Grammar
Grammar
Plagiarism
Plagiarism
Writing
Writing
Score
Score
Surface Runoff
1. SURFACE RUNOFF

INTRODUCTION:

Runoff means the draining or flowing off of precipitation from a catchment area through a surface channel enters into a stream channel.
It is convenient to visualize three main routes of travel; overland flow
(air hujan limpahanpermukaan), interflow, and ground water flow (air dari punca bawah tanah).

1 Runoff results from rainfall occurrence in a hydrologic catchment. Rainfall-runoff relations are Interflow/subsurface and base flow/groundwater flow

very important in hydrology.
2 Most work on the prediction of runoff requires past records.
3 The problem is that some streams are not gauged. Also, non-recording gauges only gives the volume of water and not intensities
4 There is the need to get records of stream flow and recording gauge information to predict runoff from rainfall.
5 Some empirical methods are available for predicting runoff in a catchment without the stream flow and recording gauge information.

Terms of water flow

Overland flow / surface runoff

Excess rainfall moves over the land surface to reach small channels. This portion of runoff is called overland flow.

Interflow / subsurface runoff

Rainfall that infiltrates the soil surface my move laterally through upper layers of soiland returns to the surface at some location is c

Ground water flow

Infiltrated water reaching saturated zone and moves through the soil as groundwater flow. It is also called base flow and dry weather flow.

Direct runoff

It means surface runoff, prompt interflow and rainfall on the channel surface.

Base flow

It means delayed interflow and groundwater flow.

Stream flow

Streamflow is a combination of baseflow and runoff. These vary along the stream.

Catchment Area

1 The area of land draining in to a stream or a water course at a given location is called catchment area / drainage area / drainage basin / watershed.

You May Also Find These Documents Helpful

  • Satisfactory Essays

    Quiz 1

    • 2306 Words
    • 10 Pages

    “This figure shows a variety of systems. The entire diagram – mountains, river, lake – is one kind of system known as a watershed. The individual pieces enclosed by boxes, such as the river, are also systems. Even a small volume of water or lake sediment (foreground boxes) can be considered a system.” Figure 1.6, p. 9…

    • 2306 Words
    • 10 Pages
    Satisfactory Essays
  • Satisfactory Essays

    3. This picture shows river meander. Name and describe the process that is occurring at Point A and the process that is occurring at Point B.…

    • 287 Words
    • 2 Pages
    Satisfactory Essays
  • Good Essays

    Environmental scientists analyse precipitation and how it responds to pollution. A titration is usually used to calculate the amount of natural rain water or snow is contaminated. They use this method because it is quick and reliable. Titrations do not require expensive or specialised equipment therefore the test can be carried as often as environmental scientists want to and in different areas with less effort.…

    • 394 Words
    • 2 Pages
    Good Essays
  • Good Essays

    *weather conditions, with control measures including obtaining local information about tides, assessing potential for flooding and establishing the likelihood of sudden weather changes.…

    • 1188 Words
    • 4 Pages
    Good Essays
  • Powerful Essays

    Geography rivier

    • 2098 Words
    • 9 Pages

    A river is the natural course of the water, which goes from a higher point, to the lowest point, usually the sea, ocean, lake or another river. There are few cases where the river simply flows under the ground surface or dries completely before reaching a bigger body of water. The river is also freshwater; there are no rivers with sea water (salty water). Rivers are not always called rivers. Smaller rivers can also be called streams, rills, rivulets and tributaries. Rivers are part of the hydrological cycle. The water inside a river is mainly collected from precipitation (rain) from the drainage basin. The water is also collected from surface runoff, which is caused, by precipitation, groundwater, springs and the melting of natural land (glaciers) and snow. The water in a river is usually confined into a channel and there is usually only one single stream of water within the channel.…

    • 2098 Words
    • 9 Pages
    Powerful Essays
  • Good Essays

    3.3 cycles of matter

    • 703 Words
    • 3 Pages

    Once on land water enters rivers and streams, and runoff is carried back to ocean or lake…

    • 703 Words
    • 3 Pages
    Good Essays
  • Satisfactory Essays

    A landform where flooding is not required for the formation is a meander, this is to do with the river trying to take the path with the least resistance and occurs inside the rivers channel so does not require flooding to create them, yet despite this when there is high discharge it increases the rate of erosion and the meander is created quicker and creates centripetal force towards the banks which causes undercutting to create the outer concave…

    • 534 Words
    • 3 Pages
    Satisfactory Essays
  • Powerful Essays

    Watershed

    • 1276 Words
    • 6 Pages

    The aims of this unit are to: 1. Introduce terms and concepts associated with watershed ecology. 2. Describe typical watershed structure and how…

    • 1276 Words
    • 6 Pages
    Powerful Essays
  • Satisfactory Essays

    In part 1, it was determined that the graduated cylinder is the most accurate and precise, as the average density, 0.987g/mol, was very close to the accepted value, 0.9977045g/mol. The percentage of error in the table 1.1 (graduated cylinder) was very low, with 1.10% compared to 15.8% in table 1.2 (pipet) and 1.92% in table 1.3 ( buret). A reason for which the graduated cylinder was the most accurate and precise could be for the following: one was capable of measuring the amount of tap water at an eye level, as for the pipet it was too high and a miscalculation could have happened seeing that one has to…

    • 426 Words
    • 2 Pages
    Satisfactory Essays
  • Good Essays

    In the upper stage of the river’s long profile, there is mainly vertical erosion and by abrasion. Erosion occurs when there are high-energy conditions and discharge are high after heavy rain or ice melt. The rough channel from the high velocity causes turbulence and the large, angular bedload is dragged along the river bed, causing intense downwards (vertical) erosion. Mainly large particles such as boulders carried by traction or saltation during high-energy conditions. There is little deposition in the upper course of the river and is mainly the largest particles being deposited in the river bed as energy levels drop.…

    • 338 Words
    • 2 Pages
    Good Essays
  • Powerful Essays

    Stream Ecology Lab

    • 2556 Words
    • 11 Pages

    Bridge), (2) the largest poo, (3) a quickest riffle, and (4) the smooth cement outflow at the west end of the park. Each group was assigned one of the sites. The first task required each group to measure out 5m at the assigned site with a tape measure and mark off the boundaries with flags. Then the group measured the velocity of the stream at that site by placing a bottle in the center of the stream and timing, with a stopwatch, how long it took for the bottle to go 5m. Repeat this three times. Next up was finding the discharge. The group marked off 6 different points within the 5m boundary in 1m increments. The depth was measure at each of these 1m increments at a width of ¼,1/2, and ¾ the distance from one side of the stream to the other. The group summed the discharges for each 1m section to obtain the total stream discharge. Next the group found the pH of the water by using the Vernier LabQuest and pH probe. The stream water temperature was calculated next. In order to take the temperature, the Vernier LabQuest and temperature probe were used. The temperature was taken at the surface of the stream and 1cm from the bottom. Dissolved oxygen was then found with the DO Chemets Kit. The group repeated this 3 times. A sample of lotic water was taken as well as benthic organisms. When the group returned from lab the Nitrogen and Phosphorous…

    • 2556 Words
    • 11 Pages
    Powerful Essays
  • Powerful Essays

    At the conclusion of this subject students will understand the nature of flows and waves in open…

    • 26806 Words
    • 108 Pages
    Powerful Essays
  • Powerful Essays

    Bartley Water Floods

    • 1468 Words
    • 6 Pages

    In this investigation, I will be investigating changes along the long profile of a river. The river I will be studying is Barley Water which is located in the north-east of New Forest National Park in southern England.…

    • 1468 Words
    • 6 Pages
    Powerful Essays
  • Good Essays

    Watershed Research Paper

    • 280 Words
    • 2 Pages

    A Watershed is streams and rivers that share the same land that drain in a larger location of water. Such as larger rivers, lakes, or an ocean. "All the tributaries to the Mississippi that collect rainwater eventually drain into the Mississippi, which eventually drains into the Gulf of Mexico" is a great example of describing it.(m.b.g.,2002) There are two processes that are very important, surface runoff and infiltration. The main reason is it affects the water quality, and carries a lot of pollution. A lot of the pollution comes from farmland since it has a lot of agricultural debris, industrial, commercial and other. A lot of it ends of falling into the ocean which is left there and affects the water quality in a dramatic form.…

    • 280 Words
    • 2 Pages
    Good Essays
  • Better Essays

    The aim of this experiment was to determine the density of water and, of unknown solutions, by being as accurate as possible, by pipetting and weighing the solutions.…

    • 1287 Words
    • 6 Pages
    Better Essays

Related Topics