Software Engineering 9th Editon
SOFTWARE ENGINEERING
Ninth Edition
Ian Sommerville
Addison-Wesley
Boston Columbus Indianapolis New York San Francisco Upper Saddle River Amsterdam Cape Town Dubai London Madrid Milan Munich Paris Montreal Toronto Delhi Mexico City São Paulo Sydney Hong Kong Seoul Singapore Taipei Tokyo
Editorial Director: Marcia Horton Editor in Chief: Michael Hirsch Acquisitions Editor: Matt Goldstein Editorial Assistant: Chelsea Bell Managing Editor: Jeff Holcomb Senior Production Project Manager: Marilyn Lloyd Director of Marketing: Margaret Waples Marketing Coordinator: Kathryn Ferranti Senior Manufacturing Buyer: Carol Melville Text Designer: Susan Raymond Cover Art Director: Elena Sidorova Front Cover Photograph: © Jacques Pavlovsky/Sygma/Corbis Interior Chapter Opener: © graficart.net/Alamy Full-Service Project Management: Andrea Stefanowicz, GGS Higher Education Resources, a Division of PreMedia Global, Inc. Composition and Illustrations: GGS Higher Education Resources, a Division of PreMedia Global, Inc. Printer/Binder: Edwards Brothers Cover Printer: Lehigh-Phoenix Color/Hagerstown Copyright © 2011, 2006, 2005, 2001, 1996 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. Manufactured in the United States of America. This publication is protected by copyright, and permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. To obtain permission(s) to use material from this work, please submit a written request to Pearson Education, Inc., Permissions Department, 501 Boylston Street, Suite 900, Boston, Massachusetts 02116. Many of the designations by manufacturers and seller to distinguish their products are claimed as trademarks. Where those designations appear in this book, and the publisher was aware of a trademark claim, the designations have been printed in initial caps
Ninth Edition
Ian Sommerville
Addison-Wesley
Boston Columbus Indianapolis New York San Francisco Upper Saddle River Amsterdam Cape Town Dubai London Madrid Milan Munich Paris Montreal Toronto Delhi Mexico City São Paulo Sydney Hong Kong Seoul Singapore Taipei Tokyo
Editorial Director: Marcia Horton Editor in Chief: Michael Hirsch Acquisitions Editor: Matt Goldstein Editorial Assistant: Chelsea Bell Managing Editor: Jeff Holcomb Senior Production Project Manager: Marilyn Lloyd Director of Marketing: Margaret Waples Marketing Coordinator: Kathryn Ferranti Senior Manufacturing Buyer: Carol Melville Text Designer: Susan Raymond Cover Art Director: Elena Sidorova Front Cover Photograph: © Jacques Pavlovsky/Sygma/Corbis Interior Chapter Opener: © graficart.net/Alamy Full-Service Project Management: Andrea Stefanowicz, GGS Higher Education Resources, a Division of PreMedia Global, Inc. Composition and Illustrations: GGS Higher Education Resources, a Division of PreMedia Global, Inc. Printer/Binder: Edwards Brothers Cover Printer: Lehigh-Phoenix Color/Hagerstown Copyright © 2011, 2006, 2005, 2001, 1996 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. Manufactured in the United States of America. This publication is protected by copyright, and permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. To obtain permission(s) to use material from this work, please submit a written request to Pearson Education, Inc., Permissions Department, 501 Boylston Street, Suite 900, Boston, Massachusetts 02116. Many of the designations by manufacturers and seller to distinguish their products are claimed as trademarks. Where those designations appear in this book, and the publisher was aware of a trademark claim, the designations have been printed in initial caps