Security

Outline:
1. Security, definition and nature, comprehensive security
2. Introduction to strategic studies, definition, nature and scope of strategic studies
3. Development of modern strategies and its various dimensions
4. The phenomena of war
5. Military alliances in IR
6. Deterrence, conceptual analysis
7. Nuclear deterrence (Nuclear Doctrine)
8. Problems of Disarmament and arms control
9. Nuclear proliferation and nuclear strategies (Nuclear Doctrine)
10. Defense and policy of Pakistan
Security:
• The state of being from a danger or injury
• Freedom from fear, anxiety
• Security is the degree of protection against danger, loss and criminals
• Security is a negative term
Concept of security:
There are two categories or school of thoughts
Traditional concept of strategy and non-traditional concept of security
Traditional concept:

1. The traditional concept is that giving stress on the importance of state security
2. state is a main actor in international relations
3. traditionalists give stress on the attainment of more and more military power
4. they believe that war is only solution to any international conflict
5. they believe on hard politics
Non-traditional concept:
1. Concept of security is the social security
2. They believe that non-military issues such as economy, trade, environment, terrorism gain much more importance
3. War is not a solution to any conflict. It can be solved by peaceful means
4. Believe on soft politics.
National power:
Its components are
Political, economic and military

Comprehensive security:

Security is a negative term connotes the absence of rare and perceived threats stemming economic disparities and social inequalities to certain coveted values.
State seeks national power e.g. political, economic situation and military, generate prosperity.
Political-economic cooperation:
This relationship itself paves the way for comprehensive security. (increase in population and certain environmental issues)
Core values:
National security and state survival
Internal and external threats:
• Physical boundaries
• Insurgency movements (not legally recognized)
• Deprivation of essential goods
• International sanctions

Internal threats:
1. Economic situation
2. Political situation
3. Ethnic issues
4. Social issues
5. Revolution
6. Subversion ideas
Conclusion (Comprehensive security)
Comprehensive acquired that a state should protect its citizens as well as to provide economic and social opportunities with a view to improve the quality of life of its citizens. -------------------------------------
Lecture No.2
Strategy and Tactics
Strategy and tactics are two terms used in war. These are interlinked
Strategy:
It is the theory of the use combat for the object of war
Tactics:
It is the theory of the use of military force to combat.
Strategy is mind planning----------forces are tactics
Warfare based on deception, who are able to attack
1. We must seen unable
2. When using our forces we must seen inactive
3. we must make the enemy believe that we are away when for away, we are near.
Grand strategy:
Strategy is the application on lower plan of general grand strategy
General strategy looks beyond the war to the subsequent instruments but to regulate their use as to avoid danger to the future state of war.
 Combat= use of force morally
 Tactics is the application of strategy on lower plan
 The theater of war is the province of strategy while the field of battle is the province of tactics.
Elements of strategy:
1. Moral, 2. Physical, 3.Mathematical (Statistically), 4.Geographical
Types of strategy:
1. Modern strategy
Advance strategy is modern strategy, social media, advent of nuclear bomb, modern technology
2. Indirect strategy
On deception to cut the enemy line of communication, supply lines stoppage, destruction of head offices and sanctions.
3. Interior and exterior maneuvers
Interior= Geographical location is defined
Exterior= Geographical location is not defined
4. Annihilation strategy
Complete destruction e.g. Hiroshima and Nagasaki.
5. Exhaustion strategy
Capacity minimized, de moralizing through propaganda

Modern strategy:
The art of the employment of battles as a mean to gain the objective of war. The practical adoption of means placed at a general’s disposal to the attainment of the objective in view.
Liddell Hart:
The art of distributing and employing military means to fulfill the ends of policy.

Strategic thought process:
• Cycling in nature
• Identifying the conflict
• Deciding the policy
• Deciding the strategy to achieve policy objective
• Putting strategy into action
Framework of strategic thought process:
1. Interest
2. Objective
3. Available resources
4. Environment
5. Point of time or time to time, there can be starting time but no ending time can be mentioned
Timeframe work:
There are two types in this regard
1. Short time----- it can be up to 2-5 years
2. long time—
Deterrence and detente are modern strategies
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Lecture No. 3
WAR

(Aggression, societal disturbance, legitimate instrument)
 War as a substantial armed conflict between organized military forces of independent political unit.
 War is an extreme intensification of military activity, psychological tension, legal power and social integration.
 War is an act of violation, violence intended to compel our opponents to fulfill our will.
Causes of war:
a. War for wealth
b. War for land
c. War for power
d. War for security
e. Religious causes
f. Strategic territorial
g. Economic
h. FDI
Types of war:

 Total war: war of total population, war by total population, war against total population, war for total stakes.

 Nuclear war: can go towards total war, use of nuclear weapons

 Limited war: area is defined in limited war

 Pre-emptive war: without being attacked or attack

 Guerrilla war: organize group, in Kashmir attacks

 Civil war: between two groups, masses and government, to achieve specific objective

Lecture No. 4
Nuclear development in Pakistan
Threat perception are products of general factors including a nation’s traditional views itself and its historical experiences that geo strategic environment/ location, hostility with other state especially its neighbors the strength or weakness of the policy and its education system.
• Atomic energy institute in Karachi was established in 1955
• After 1965 Indo-Pak war Z.A. Bhutto started working on nuclear program
• India in 1974 nuclear explosions
• Pakistan in 1984 announced nuclear technology production
• In 1987 Pakistan achieved nuclear capabilities and finally 1998 nuclear explosions by Pakistan
Mr. Johan Mallot policy for South Asia:
• Reducing of tension in this region
• Increasing regional stability
• Promotion of NPT

USA steps to reduce the expansion or its efforts to promote NPT

Test bane: India and Pakistan have both declared voluntary states on further testing.

Fissile material: To prevent accumulation of fissile material

Strategic restraints: Restraints in the development of massive and aircraft capable of caring WMD

Export control: Tightening export control on sensitive material and technology India-Pakistan dialogue: Productive dialogue between both the India and Pakistan. Role of G-8:
G-8 are= Canada, France, Germany, Japan, USA, Russia, Italy, Britain
• WMD delivery system to be stopped
• Collectively sanctions on India and Pakistan
G-8 Steps for South Asia:
1. G-8 will be able to play any tangible role in changing the nuclear status qu in South-Asia.
2. The management of Pakistan and India will be concern of G-8
3. The G-8 will offer financial incentive to India and Pakistan to keep their nuclear weapons program at minimum level.
4. Purse contradictory policy might be continued.
Role of china or policy of China:
Dual role, against in Security Council and on the other hand motivated Pakistan to do so.