Memory in Psychology
I. Memory: Processes, Models, Sensory Memory, Short-Term Memory
A. Memory processes
1. Memory and Its Processes
Memory - an active system that receives information from the senses, organizes and alters it as it stores it away, and then retrieves the information from storage.
Processes of Memory:
Encoding – converting sensory information into a form that is usable in the brain’s storage systems.
Storage – holding onto information for some period of time.
Retrieval – getting information that is in storage into a form that can be used.
B. Models of memory
1. Models of Memory
Information-processing model assumes the processing of information for memory storage is similar to the way a computer processes memory in a series of three stages (encoding storage retrieval)
[graphic] Three-Stage Process of Memory
Information enters through the sensory system, briefly registering in sensory memory. Selective attention filters the information into short-term memory, where it is held while attention (rehearsal) continues. If the information receives enough rehearsal (maintenance or elaborative), it will enter and be stored in long-term memory.
Levels-of-processing model assumes information that is more "deeply processed," or processed according to its meaning rather than just the sound or physical characteristics of the word or words, will be remembered more efficiently and for a longer period of time.
The deeper we process information, the more meaning it will have for us, the longer it will stay with us, and the easier it will be to pull it up from long-term memory
Parallel distributed processing (PDP) model memory processes are proposed to take place at the same time over a large network of neural connections.
C. Sensory memory
1. Sensory Memory
Sensory memory - the very first stage of memory, the point at which information enters the nervous system through the sensory systems.
[graphic] Iconic Memory Test
Sample grid of letters for Sperling’s test
A. Memory processes
1. Memory and Its Processes
Memory - an active system that receives information from the senses, organizes and alters it as it stores it away, and then retrieves the information from storage.
Processes of Memory:
Encoding – converting sensory information into a form that is usable in the brain’s storage systems.
Storage – holding onto information for some period of time.
Retrieval – getting information that is in storage into a form that can be used.
B. Models of memory
1. Models of Memory
Information-processing model assumes the processing of information for memory storage is similar to the way a computer processes memory in a series of three stages (encoding storage retrieval)
[graphic] Three-Stage Process of Memory
Information enters through the sensory system, briefly registering in sensory memory. Selective attention filters the information into short-term memory, where it is held while attention (rehearsal) continues. If the information receives enough rehearsal (maintenance or elaborative), it will enter and be stored in long-term memory.
Levels-of-processing model assumes information that is more "deeply processed," or processed according to its meaning rather than just the sound or physical characteristics of the word or words, will be remembered more efficiently and for a longer period of time.
The deeper we process information, the more meaning it will have for us, the longer it will stay with us, and the easier it will be to pull it up from long-term memory
Parallel distributed processing (PDP) model memory processes are proposed to take place at the same time over a large network of neural connections.
C. Sensory memory
1. Sensory Memory
Sensory memory - the very first stage of memory, the point at which information enters the nervous system through the sensory systems.
[graphic] Iconic Memory Test
Sample grid of letters for Sperling’s test