IR Exam 3 Study Guide
Islamism: A set of ideologies holding that Islam should guide social and political as well as personal life. The goal of Islamist movements is to establish an Islamic state to implement the Sharia law. They are however not a unified movement and encompass different groups with different political agendas and interpretation of the religion.
Mohammad Mossadeq: Prime Minister of Iran from 1951 to 1953. Led the nationalization of Iran’s oil industry and rejected neocolonial domination of Iran in the 1950s.
Theoder Herzel: One of the founding fathers of Zionism. His book The Jewish State, published in 1896, is considered to have launched the modern Zionist movement. Herzel also established the World Zionist Organization.
Ayatollah Khomeini: An Iranian religious leader and politician, and leader of the 1979 Iranian Revolution which saw the overthrow of Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, the Shah of Iran. Following the revolution, Khomeini became the country's Supreme Leader, a position created in the constitution as the highest-ranking political and religious authority of the nation, which he held until his death.
Economic sanctions: Domestic penalties applied by one country on another country. Economic sanctions may include various forms of trade barriers and restrictions on financial transactions.
Ottoman empire: An empire created by Turkish tribes in Anatolia. One of the most powerful states in the world during the 15th and 16th centuries, it spanned more than 600 years and came to an end only in 1922, when it was replaced by the Turkish Republic and various successor states in southeastern Europe and the Middle East. At its height the empire included most of southeastern Europe to the gates of Vienna, including modern Hungary, Serbia, Bosnia, Romania, Greece, and Ukraine
Smart sanctions: A sanction intended to affect a particular area of a country's activities or economy. They are designed to hurt elite supporters of the targeted regime, while imposing
Mohammad Mossadeq: Prime Minister of Iran from 1951 to 1953. Led the nationalization of Iran’s oil industry and rejected neocolonial domination of Iran in the 1950s.
Theoder Herzel: One of the founding fathers of Zionism. His book The Jewish State, published in 1896, is considered to have launched the modern Zionist movement. Herzel also established the World Zionist Organization.
Ayatollah Khomeini: An Iranian religious leader and politician, and leader of the 1979 Iranian Revolution which saw the overthrow of Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, the Shah of Iran. Following the revolution, Khomeini became the country's Supreme Leader, a position created in the constitution as the highest-ranking political and religious authority of the nation, which he held until his death.
Economic sanctions: Domestic penalties applied by one country on another country. Economic sanctions may include various forms of trade barriers and restrictions on financial transactions.
Ottoman empire: An empire created by Turkish tribes in Anatolia. One of the most powerful states in the world during the 15th and 16th centuries, it spanned more than 600 years and came to an end only in 1922, when it was replaced by the Turkish Republic and various successor states in southeastern Europe and the Middle East. At its height the empire included most of southeastern Europe to the gates of Vienna, including modern Hungary, Serbia, Bosnia, Romania, Greece, and Ukraine
Smart sanctions: A sanction intended to affect a particular area of a country's activities or economy. They are designed to hurt elite supporters of the targeted regime, while imposing