Hedging
Hedgi ng
1. Look at the following sentences. Write whether each sentence is non-committal (NC) or strongly states its point (S).
a 'context determines to a large extent the meanings of any non-verbal behaviours'. (p. 137) b 'We learn them largely from observing others.' (p. 137) c 'Albert Mehrabian (1976) argues that the total impact of a message is a function of the following formula.' (p. 137) d 'Regulators are clearly culture-bound and are not universal.'
(p. 143) e "When these adaptors occur inprivate, they occur in their entirety." (p. 143) f 'Generally, researchers report, adaptors tend to be signs of negative feelings.' (p. 143)
g 'Paul Ekman et al (1972) claim that facial messages communicate at least the following eight emotions.' (p. 147) h 'Dale Leathers (1990) has proposed that in addition to these eight, facial movements may also communicate bewilderment and determination. (p. 147) i 'It appears from cross-cultural research that facial expressions have a somewhat universal nature'. (p. 148)
j
'Studies such as these do point to a universality amoung facial gestures.' (p. 148)
k 'Mark Knapp (1978), as well as other researchers, notes four major functions of eye communication.' (p. 153) l 'In studies conducted on gazing behaviour and summarized by Knapp and Hall (1992), it has ben found that listeners gaze at speakers more than speakers gaze at listeners.' (p.
153)
m 'Pupil size is also indicative of one's interest and level of emotional arousal.' (p. 154) n 'Nonverbal theorist Dale Leathers (1990) reports on research demonstrating that, compared to verbal cues, non-verbal cues are four times as effective in their impact on interpersonal impressions.' (p. 137)
2. Identify the hedging expressions in the follow ing sentences.
1. There is no difficulty in explaining how a structure such as an eye or a feather contributes to survival and reproduction; the difficulty is in thinking of a series of steps by which it could have arisen.
2. For example,
1. Look at the following sentences. Write whether each sentence is non-committal (NC) or strongly states its point (S).
a 'context determines to a large extent the meanings of any non-verbal behaviours'. (p. 137) b 'We learn them largely from observing others.' (p. 137) c 'Albert Mehrabian (1976) argues that the total impact of a message is a function of the following formula.' (p. 137) d 'Regulators are clearly culture-bound and are not universal.'
(p. 143) e "When these adaptors occur inprivate, they occur in their entirety." (p. 143) f 'Generally, researchers report, adaptors tend to be signs of negative feelings.' (p. 143)
g 'Paul Ekman et al (1972) claim that facial messages communicate at least the following eight emotions.' (p. 147) h 'Dale Leathers (1990) has proposed that in addition to these eight, facial movements may also communicate bewilderment and determination. (p. 147) i 'It appears from cross-cultural research that facial expressions have a somewhat universal nature'. (p. 148)
j
'Studies such as these do point to a universality amoung facial gestures.' (p. 148)
k 'Mark Knapp (1978), as well as other researchers, notes four major functions of eye communication.' (p. 153) l 'In studies conducted on gazing behaviour and summarized by Knapp and Hall (1992), it has ben found that listeners gaze at speakers more than speakers gaze at listeners.' (p.
153)
m 'Pupil size is also indicative of one's interest and level of emotional arousal.' (p. 154) n 'Nonverbal theorist Dale Leathers (1990) reports on research demonstrating that, compared to verbal cues, non-verbal cues are four times as effective in their impact on interpersonal impressions.' (p. 137)
2. Identify the hedging expressions in the follow ing sentences.
1. There is no difficulty in explaining how a structure such as an eye or a feather contributes to survival and reproduction; the difficulty is in thinking of a series of steps by which it could have arisen.
2. For example,