Chap 15: Europe Transformed- Reform and State Building
1. Martin Luther- defended the monk against heresy and set the stage for a serious challenge to the authority of the Catholic Church, in which by no means was the first crisis in church's 1500 year history. 2. 14th century- severe economic reversals and social upheavals 3. 15th century- Renaissance: a revival of arts and letters 4. 16th century- Reformation: religious renaissance 5. Absolutism (absolute monarchy)- most evident during the reign of Louis XVI 6. 17th century - absolute and limited monarchy were the poles of state building 7. What were the main tenets of Lutheranism and Calvinism? How did they differ from each other and from Catholicism? 8. Protestant Reformation- religious movement that divided the western Christian Church into Catholic and Protestant groups 9. The Growth of State Power
* Renaissance monarchs- concentration of royal authority, attempts to suppress the nobility, efforts to control the church in their lands, and desire to obtain new sources of revenue in order to increase royal power and enhance the military forces at their disposal * Niccolo Machiavelli, an Italian who wrote The Prince, one of the most influential works on political power in the Western world. His major concerns were the acquisition, maintenance, and expansion of political powers as the means to restore and maintain order. He contradicted the approached that a ruler ought to behave based on moral principles (first Western thinkers to abandon morality for the analysis of political activity).
10. Social Changes in the Renaissance
* Society in the Middle Ages were divided into three estates: * * The clergy/ First Estate- preeminence was grounded in the belief that people should be guided to spiritual ends * The nobility/ Second Estate- privileges rested on the principle that nobles provided security and justice for society * Third Estate- the peasants and inhabitants of the towns and cities
* By 15th century,
* Renaissance monarchs- concentration of royal authority, attempts to suppress the nobility, efforts to control the church in their lands, and desire to obtain new sources of revenue in order to increase royal power and enhance the military forces at their disposal * Niccolo Machiavelli, an Italian who wrote The Prince, one of the most influential works on political power in the Western world. His major concerns were the acquisition, maintenance, and expansion of political powers as the means to restore and maintain order. He contradicted the approached that a ruler ought to behave based on moral principles (first Western thinkers to abandon morality for the analysis of political activity).
10. Social Changes in the Renaissance
* Society in the Middle Ages were divided into three estates: * * The clergy/ First Estate- preeminence was grounded in the belief that people should be guided to spiritual ends * The nobility/ Second Estate- privileges rested on the principle that nobles provided security and justice for society * Third Estate- the peasants and inhabitants of the towns and cities
* By 15th century,