Cell Physiology Study Guide
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Study Guide for Lectures 8/24, 8/26, 8/31, and 9/2 Note: It is highly suggested that you reference the figures/figure legends shown in class to further help you understand class material. The Genome Project (~92% complete): • 20,000-28,000 genes in the human genome o The genome was found using a shotgun sequence. o 10% of the genome is Long Intersperse Nuclear Elements (=LINEs). This leaves the questions as to which part of the genome are LINEs? 80,000-120,000 proteins in a cell. 200,000-2,000,000 peptides in a cell. o Ex: Insulin A paper looked at 30% of the genome at 5 nucleotide resolutions and found: In terms of transcripts (mRNA) may not have a poly-A tail. 43.7% of transcripts never had a poly-A tail. 36.9% of transcripts had the poly-A tail removed. 19.4% of transcripts have a poly-A tail. Only 30% of mRNA associated with ribosome had a poly-A tail. Splicing: ~80% of human multi-exon genes have a splice variant. Moonlighting Proteins: term used to describe a protein that has more than one job. Ex: protein used in intermediate metabolism and mRNA destruction. Ornithine 1. 2. 3. 4. Decarboxylase (ODC) Short half-life ODC catalyzes the decarboxylation of Ornithine, which results in a polyamine. Ornithine Decarboxylase Antizyme is a Ornithine Decarboxylase inhibitor. Ornithine Decarboxylase Antizyme expression requires that ribosomes shift from the first open reading frame to a second opening reading frame. This shift is stimulated by polyamines.
Covalent Modifications or Post-Translational Modifications: • There are at least 200 known post-translational modifications. Ex: Phosphorylation
What does water do in a cell? (Panels 2-2; 2-3)
Water solvates proteins. Water forms hydration shells and exerts pressure on protein and lipids. It also helps determine protein structure, because otherwise the protein would unfold. Water and hydrogen bonds give more force. The force changes as it interacts with other molecules on a
Study Guide for Lectures 8/24, 8/26, 8/31, and 9/2 Note: It is highly suggested that you reference the figures/figure legends shown in class to further help you understand class material. The Genome Project (~92% complete): • 20,000-28,000 genes in the human genome o The genome was found using a shotgun sequence. o 10% of the genome is Long Intersperse Nuclear Elements (=LINEs). This leaves the questions as to which part of the genome are LINEs? 80,000-120,000 proteins in a cell. 200,000-2,000,000 peptides in a cell. o Ex: Insulin A paper looked at 30% of the genome at 5 nucleotide resolutions and found: In terms of transcripts (mRNA) may not have a poly-A tail. 43.7% of transcripts never had a poly-A tail. 36.9% of transcripts had the poly-A tail removed. 19.4% of transcripts have a poly-A tail. Only 30% of mRNA associated with ribosome had a poly-A tail. Splicing: ~80% of human multi-exon genes have a splice variant. Moonlighting Proteins: term used to describe a protein that has more than one job. Ex: protein used in intermediate metabolism and mRNA destruction. Ornithine 1. 2. 3. 4. Decarboxylase (ODC) Short half-life ODC catalyzes the decarboxylation of Ornithine, which results in a polyamine. Ornithine Decarboxylase Antizyme is a Ornithine Decarboxylase inhibitor. Ornithine Decarboxylase Antizyme expression requires that ribosomes shift from the first open reading frame to a second opening reading frame. This shift is stimulated by polyamines.
Covalent Modifications or Post-Translational Modifications: • There are at least 200 known post-translational modifications. Ex: Phosphorylation
What does water do in a cell? (Panels 2-2; 2-3)
Water solvates proteins. Water forms hydration shells and exerts pressure on protein and lipids. It also helps determine protein structure, because otherwise the protein would unfold. Water and hydrogen bonds give more force. The force changes as it interacts with other molecules on a