Andy Field, Discovering Statistics
Discovering Statistics Using SPSS
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Mediasamenvattingen2011
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- Field: Discovering Statistics Using SPSS chapter 1, 2, 3, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 17, 18
Field Chapter 1: Why is my evil lecturer forcing me to learn statistics?
* Generating theories and testing them
Hypothesis = a prediction from a theory
A good theory should allow us to make statements about the world. Can be verified with evidence. Falsification = the act of disproving a hypothesis or theory.
* Variables
Variables are things that can change or vary, they might vary between people, locations, or time. Most hypothesis have a proposed cause and a proposed outcome, so two variables.
Independent variable = cause, not depend on any other variables (or predictor variable)
Dependent variable = the value of this variable depends on the cause (or outcome variable)
* Levels of measurement
- Categorical variable = made up of categories (species)
- Binary variable = just two categories
- Nominal variable = More than two categories
- Ordinal variable = tells us not only the categories, but also the order in which they occur.
- Continuous variable = gives us a score for each person an can take on any value on the scale.
- Interval variable = equal intervals represent equal differences, scale is clear
- Ratio variable = true and meaningful zero point
- Discrete variable can only take certain values (whole numbers) on the scale, continuous variable can take all the values on the scale.
* Validity and reliability
Measurement error = a discrepancy between the numbers we use to represent the thing we’re measuring and the actual value of the thing we’re measuring (broken bathroom scales). Ways to keep the
by
Mediasamenvattingen2011
The Marketplace to Buy and Sell your Study Material
Buy and sell all your summaries, notes, theses, essays, papers, cases, manuals, researches, and many more..
www.stuvia.com
Stuvia.com - The Marketplace to Buy and Sell your Study Material
- Field: Discovering Statistics Using SPSS chapter 1, 2, 3, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 17, 18
Field Chapter 1: Why is my evil lecturer forcing me to learn statistics?
* Generating theories and testing them
Hypothesis = a prediction from a theory
A good theory should allow us to make statements about the world. Can be verified with evidence. Falsification = the act of disproving a hypothesis or theory.
* Variables
Variables are things that can change or vary, they might vary between people, locations, or time. Most hypothesis have a proposed cause and a proposed outcome, so two variables.
Independent variable = cause, not depend on any other variables (or predictor variable)
Dependent variable = the value of this variable depends on the cause (or outcome variable)
* Levels of measurement
- Categorical variable = made up of categories (species)
- Binary variable = just two categories
- Nominal variable = More than two categories
- Ordinal variable = tells us not only the categories, but also the order in which they occur.
- Continuous variable = gives us a score for each person an can take on any value on the scale.
- Interval variable = equal intervals represent equal differences, scale is clear
- Ratio variable = true and meaningful zero point
- Discrete variable can only take certain values (whole numbers) on the scale, continuous variable can take all the values on the scale.
* Validity and reliability
Measurement error = a discrepancy between the numbers we use to represent the thing we’re measuring and the actual value of the thing we’re measuring (broken bathroom scales). Ways to keep the