Chap-04 B.V.Ramana August 30‚ 2006 10:13 Chapter 4 Calculus of Variations function of the independent variable y(x)‚ which is a function. Thus L{y(x)} = Y cn c2 A O c1 X B x2 x1 4.1 INTRODUCTION Calculus of variations deals with certain kinds of “external problems” in which expressions involving integrals are optimized (maximized or minimized). Euler and Lagrange in the 18th century laid the foundations‚ with the classical problems of determining a closed curve in the plane
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Sociolinguistics Language Variation What is Sociolinguistics? What Factors Enter into Language Variation? • Language does not exist in a vacuum. • Since language is a social phenomenon it is natural to assume that the structure of a society has some impact on the language of the speakers of that society. • The study of this relationship and of other extralinguistic factors is the subfield of sociolinguistics. • We will look in this section at the ways in which languages vary internally
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Within any speech community ‚ there are degrees of language variation. The geographical location of an individual; their socio-economic background; their education and even their gender are all significant factors in language variation. Individuals differ in the manner in which they speak their native tongue‚ although usually not markedly within a small area. These variations in language constitutes its dialects. All languages are continuously
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binary code that more human understand and source code that more human undestandable instructions that must be rendered into machine code by compiless or interoreters before being executed. On most computer plattforms software can be grouped into two broad categories. It is system software is the basic software needed for a computer to operate. The application software is all the software that uses the computer system to perform useful work beyond the operation of the computer itself. Software
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There are two types of organisation structures‚ flat and hierarchal. Flat structure’s chain of command is short by having lots of people report to one managing director. On the other hand the span of control is wide. A business with this type of structure is Nike. A flat structure is also known as a matrix structure. A hierarchal structure’s chain of command is long. This is because fewer people are reporting to the managing director. While the span of control is narrow. A type of business that
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Compare and Contrast Two Types of Validity The first measure to be examined is face validity which evaluates the extent that a measure appears to be valid to the group that the instrument is administered. One example‚ would be using a depression scale‚ “we would expect it to contain items about sadness‚ suicidal thoughts‚ grief‚ crying spells‚ and lack of energy. However‚ if the scale included items that asked about our hair color‚ favorite flavor of ice cream‚ and feelings regarding cats‚ it would
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Causes of Variation. Variation is a result that leads to a difference or deviation (for example‚ structure‚ form‚ function) from the recognised norm or standard. It is a modification in structure‚ form or function in an organism‚ deviating from other organisms of the same species or group. There are two types of variation: interspecific variation and intraspecific variation. Interspecific variation is when one species differs from another like mammals differ from fish. These differences are explained
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RESEARCH ARTICLE LANGUAGE VARIATION By Dr SHAMIM ALI ABSTRACT We must
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Two major types of literature are Poetry and Prose "Poetry A poem is defined as a composition written in verse (although verse has been equally used for epic and dramatic fiction). Poems rely heavily on imagery‚ precise word choice‚ and metaphor; they may take the form of measures consisting of patterns of stresses (metric feet) or of patterns of different-length syllables (as in classical prosody); and they may or may not utilize rhyme. One cannot readily characterize poetry precisely. Typically
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Abortion is the removal of an embryo or fetus before birth. This may be spontaneous induced. There are many different types if abortions such as spontaneous abortion or miscarriages‚ Threatened abortion‚ Inevitable abortion‚ Complete abortion‚ Incomplete abortion and missed abortion. An abortion uses a vacuum to remove the fetus and related things from a woman’s womb. The procedure is usually done after 6 weeks of the woman’s last menstrual period. Women may receive medicine to help them relax and
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