WHY IS AUDITOR INDEPENDENCE SO IMPORTANT? Auditing is the efficient critical examination done by one person or group of people’s independent from the system audited. To do an audit‚ confirmed information must be present and some standards by which the auditor can evaluate the information. Another is gathering and evaluating any information to determine whether the information being audited is identified in accordance with establish criteria to satisfy the purpose of the audit and also auditors must
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The Enron scandal‚ revealed in October 2001‚ eventually led to the bankruptcy of the Enron Corporation‚ an American energy company based in Houston‚ Texas‚ and the de facto dissolution of Arthur Andersen‚ which was one of the five largest audit and accountancy partnerships in the world. In addition to being the largest bankruptcy reorganization in American history at that time‚ Enron was attributed as the biggest audit failure.[1] Enron was formed in 1985 by Kenneth Lay after merging Houston Natural
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There are many different types of option contract‚ whether in exercising ability or difference in values ‚ And two types will be discussing in this presentation. Firstly‚ the American style of option contract‚ gives you the flexibility in using it and doing the transaction at any point of time up to the expiration day. Secondly‚ the European style of option contract‚ allows the investor to use the option only during the expiration day. And what really important is that all the options gives the
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Introduction The importance off skepticism in performing audits has been recognized from the time the very first auditing standard was implemented (Fullerton and Durtschi‚ 2012). The recent financial crises and audit failures have caused the profession to reassess and emphasise the importance of skepticism during an audit engagement‚ ensuring that auditors increase their level of skepticism (Fullerton and Durtschi‚ 2012). Auditors are now asked to expand their skeptical perspective to the level used by forensic
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collapse of Enron had substantial and far-reaching ramifications throughout the financial investment field‚ tax compliance professions and the accounting profession. Intense Congressional scrutiny resulted in a new era of transparency in financial reporting‚ stricter reporting standards as provided in Sarbanes-Oxley and substantial penalties for failure to comply with new financial reporting and tax compliance standards in the Internal Revenue Code (Bottiglieri et. al.‚ 2009) Enron Assignment
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What is Contract Farming ? Contract farming arrangements of different types have existed in various parts of the country for centuries for both subsistence and commercial crops. The commercial crops like sugarcane‚ cotton‚ tea‚ coffee etc. Have always involved some forms of contract farming. Even in the case of some fruit crops and fisheries‚ contract farming arrangements‚ involving mainly the forward trading of commodities have been observed. However‚ in the wake of economic
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Enron: Leadership without Ethics and Practical Execution Enron‚ once one of the largest energy public companies globally‚ achieved a $65 billion asset volume but only took 24 days to go bankrupt. Initially‚ its main service is extracting natural gas and manufacturing energy-using products‚ but the excessively aggressive and benefit-oriented type of operation makes the company create lots of so-called "innovative" investment department and financial products. All these activities played as the
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ENRON Principles of Accounting Enron Key Players KENNETH LAY Former Enron chairman JEFFREY SKILLING Former Enron CEO DAVID DUNCAN Former Andersen partner NANCY TEMPLE Andersen lawyer THOMAS WHITE Secretary of the Army SHERRON WATKINS Enron vice president Enron started about 29 years ago in July 1985 in Houston‚ Texas.. A energy economist named Kenneth Lay became the CEO of Enron. Mr. Lay was a very optimistic
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What would you do with a million dollars?The amount of money that will pass through your hands over a working lifetime is incredible. For example‚ if you work 40 years and earn only an average of $25‚000 per year‚ you will have made $1 million even without salary increases due to inflation. The average family in America earns nearly $50‚000 per year. You are likely to earn over $2 million dollars in yourlifetime! What will you do with your millions? Many older people have spent it all. Is that what
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description between the fusion of these two fields. To truly understand what this means one must first delve into the philosophical foundations of law and economics and in order to do this one must ask themselves four questions: is a body of law efficient? Can the rules and principles of any or all of the law be rationalised or subsumed under an economic theory of legislation? How should law be formulated to promote efficiency? – in what ways must legal rights and duties be assigned and enforced so that
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