Water Provision Repoet Under Two Requirement

4. Requirements
4.1. Cost
4.2. Environmental impact

5. Comparison
5.1. Cost
5.1.1. Desalination
5.1.2. Recycled wastewater

6. Conclusion

7. Recommendation

List of References

List of Figures

Figure1: Areas of physical and economic water scarcity

Figure2: Australian rainfall deciles-1 June 2001 to 31 May 2009

Figure3: Distributed water use-Australia, 2008-2011

List of Tables
Table1: Water supply capacity and desalination status for some Australian urban centres

Table2: Targets set for increase in recycled wastewater use in major Australian cities

Table3: Annual cost of water example treatment technology: SWRO(with a power plant)

Table4: Capital expenditure under recycling scheme and operating expenditure and services delivered under recycling scheme

Table5: Desalination project net GHG emission zero balance

Table 6: Greenhouse gas emissions in Desalination and Recycling

1.Introduction
Water scarcity occurs in arid and semi-arid regions which mainly located in North Africa, the Middle East, south America, as well as Australia. Those areas suffer by very limited rainfall, evaporation because of high temperatures, lack of natural clear water to supplies their populations’ need and poor governance in water(International Water Management Institute( IWMI),2007).

Water is vital and life-sustaining resources for human use in household, agriculture and industry, however, one-third of total land surface in the world classed as physical and economic water-scarce areas (see Figure 1)and over 1.2 billion people live in physical water-scarce areas(The Comprehensive Assessment of Water Management in Agriculture,2007). A similar point also made by WWF(2007) that 1.1 billion people lack access to water and only around 1% of all water found on planet is easily accessible for human use. Consequently, these nations are looking at how to provide water more sufficiently, economically, efficiently as well as

References: Australian Government Bureau of Meteorology(2013).Rain Deficiencies(AWAP LowRes 1990-now) 1 August 2012 to 31 March 2013.Retrieved April 29,2013 from: http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/drought/archive/20130404.1.col.gif Dawoud, M.A.(2005). The role of desalination in augmentation of water supply in GCC countries. Desalination.186, 187-198 Marks, J., Cromar, N., Fallowfield, H., Oemcke, D., Zadoroznyj, M.(2002) Hurlimann, A., McKay, J.(2007). Urban Australians using recycled water for domestic use d an evaluation of the attributes of price, saltiness, colour and odour using conjoint analysis. Journal of Environmental Management. 83, 93–104 Marks, J.S Dolnicar,S., and Scha¨fer, A.I.(2009). Desalinated versus Recycled Water: Public Perceptions and Profiles of the Accepters. Journal of Environmental Management. 90,888-900. 11.American Water Work Works Association(2011).Desalination of Seawater Maunal of water supply practices(M61). jP.94-97 http://www.adelaideaqua.com/downloads/First%20desalinated%20water%20media%20release%20AA%20D&C.pdf *14. Micale,G., Rizzuti, L., Cipollina, A.(2009). Green Energy and Technology. Seawater Desalination: Conventional and Renewable Energy Processes.[electronic version].Italy: Spring Berlin Heidelberg. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-01150-4. 11(CH11.2+abstract) 15 16. Lattemann, S., Ho¨pner, T., (2008). Environmental impact and impact assessment of seawater desalination.Desalination220,1-15. 17. SA water,(2012). Proposed Adelaide Desalination Plant Environmental Impact Statement. Chapter 6: Energy, Sustainability and Climate Change. p.21 http://www.sawater.com.au/NR/rdonlyres/2AF55919-F858-4AB2-93E3-534E62E6DC73/0/DesalEISChapter6.pdf 18. Woolston, M. and Jaffer,S.(2005). Pricing for Recycled Water. Survey of Recycled Water Schemes. Australia: Water Services Association of Australia. P.84 19 20. Clean Ocean Foundation(2008,September 22).Desalination vs. Recycling. Retrieved from: http://www.watershedvictoria.org.au/content/wp-content/uploads/2008/11/clean-ocean-foundation-desalination-vs-recycling.pdf 21. Muir, Ross. (2006). The economics of recycling. Power point presentation at the Water Recycling and Infrastructure Summit on 06 December 2006 Intro: The Comprehensive Assessment of Water Management in Agriculture (2006).Insights from the The Comprehensive Assessment of Water Management in Agriculture http://www.iwmi.cgiar.org/assessment/files_new/publications/Discussion%20Paper/InsightsBook_Stockholm2006.pdf.pdf WWF(2007)