Volumetric Analysis
VOLUMETRIC ANALYSIS
1. In volumetric analysis, the volume of a reagent needed to react with analyte is measured. 2. In a titration, increments of the reagent solution -the titrant-are added to the analyte until their reaction is complete. 3. The most common titrations are based on: - acid-base - oxidation-reduction - complex formation and - precipitation reactions
1. Methods of determining when the analyte has been consumed include: - detecting a sudden change in the voltage or current between a pair of electrodes - monitoring a spectrophotometric absorbance change - observing an indicator color change
1. Volumetric Analysis – a.ka. Titrimetric analysis 1. Titration is a process of adding a standard solution to a solution of unknown concentration 2. Ideally, all the substance has reacted (until an equivalent amount of the standard solution has been added). 3. Primary standard (titrant) 4. Unknown solution (analyte) 5. Indicator 6. End point 7. Equivalence point 8. Volumetric apparatus 9. Primary standard 10. a.k.a. titrant or a solution of known concentration or reacting strength (titer) 11. a solution of accurately known concentration 12. it is used to titrate the sample
The concentration of a standard solution is established in one of two ways: 1. Directly, by dissolving a carefully weighed quantity of the pure reagent and diluting to an exactly known volume 2. Indirectly, by titrating a weighed quantity of a pure compound with the reagent solution 3. Types of standard solutions 4. 1. Primary standard – highly purified reference standard (solid) 5. - usually 99.99% pure 6. 2. Secondary standard – (liquid) the accurate concentration of this standard is determined by titration against a primary standard is through the process called standardization 7. Requirements of a good primary standard - Highest purity - Stability
1. In volumetric analysis, the volume of a reagent needed to react with analyte is measured. 2. In a titration, increments of the reagent solution -the titrant-are added to the analyte until their reaction is complete. 3. The most common titrations are based on: - acid-base - oxidation-reduction - complex formation and - precipitation reactions
1. Methods of determining when the analyte has been consumed include: - detecting a sudden change in the voltage or current between a pair of electrodes - monitoring a spectrophotometric absorbance change - observing an indicator color change
1. Volumetric Analysis – a.ka. Titrimetric analysis 1. Titration is a process of adding a standard solution to a solution of unknown concentration 2. Ideally, all the substance has reacted (until an equivalent amount of the standard solution has been added). 3. Primary standard (titrant) 4. Unknown solution (analyte) 5. Indicator 6. End point 7. Equivalence point 8. Volumetric apparatus 9. Primary standard 10. a.k.a. titrant or a solution of known concentration or reacting strength (titer) 11. a solution of accurately known concentration 12. it is used to titrate the sample
The concentration of a standard solution is established in one of two ways: 1. Directly, by dissolving a carefully weighed quantity of the pure reagent and diluting to an exactly known volume 2. Indirectly, by titrating a weighed quantity of a pure compound with the reagent solution 3. Types of standard solutions 4. 1. Primary standard – highly purified reference standard (solid) 5. - usually 99.99% pure 6. 2. Secondary standard – (liquid) the accurate concentration of this standard is determined by titration against a primary standard is through the process called standardization 7. Requirements of a good primary standard - Highest purity - Stability