vibration
CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Introduction
Before conducting analysis of crash analysis of a Proton Gen-2 between bumper and rigid wedge, information and related journals are reviewed. In this chapter, firstly the stress strain diagram is used to start the literature review since it is the basic behavior of a specimen under applied force. Next, factors of selecting bumper system components such as the energy absorbing and recyclability are discussed to introduce the properties of a good bumper system. Vehicle weight is one of the factors that influence the consumption of fuel; therefore, light weight vehicle is preferable in current automotive industry.
The review of vehicle crash began with anatomy of passenger’s impact, followed by front crash analysis of steel and aluminum bumper to explain the process of the energy absorbing during a crash. Due to the weight and strength factors, composite material is developed to replace the steel and aluminum bumper. The next element in the chapter is the driver impact analysis including composite bumper subjected to rigid wedge. Before ending the review, introduction of LS-DYNA, which is the finite element analysis software used for this project is also included.
2.2 Stress strain behavior of metal
A stress strain diagram is a diagram showing the behavior of a specimen under force of compression or tension force. Stress strain diagrams are different for different materials. The figure below shows an example of stress strain diagram of carbon structural steel. For metallic material, they can either show ductile or brittle behavior under external force. A ductile material show relatively large tensile strains up to the point of rupture as structural steel and aluminum. This is different with the brittle material, which shows relatively small strain up to the point of rupture. Examples of brittle material cast iron and concrete. Figure 2.1: Stress-strain diagram of a medium-carbon structural steel [5]
For
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Introduction
Before conducting analysis of crash analysis of a Proton Gen-2 between bumper and rigid wedge, information and related journals are reviewed. In this chapter, firstly the stress strain diagram is used to start the literature review since it is the basic behavior of a specimen under applied force. Next, factors of selecting bumper system components such as the energy absorbing and recyclability are discussed to introduce the properties of a good bumper system. Vehicle weight is one of the factors that influence the consumption of fuel; therefore, light weight vehicle is preferable in current automotive industry.
The review of vehicle crash began with anatomy of passenger’s impact, followed by front crash analysis of steel and aluminum bumper to explain the process of the energy absorbing during a crash. Due to the weight and strength factors, composite material is developed to replace the steel and aluminum bumper. The next element in the chapter is the driver impact analysis including composite bumper subjected to rigid wedge. Before ending the review, introduction of LS-DYNA, which is the finite element analysis software used for this project is also included.
2.2 Stress strain behavior of metal
A stress strain diagram is a diagram showing the behavior of a specimen under force of compression or tension force. Stress strain diagrams are different for different materials. The figure below shows an example of stress strain diagram of carbon structural steel. For metallic material, they can either show ductile or brittle behavior under external force. A ductile material show relatively large tensile strains up to the point of rupture as structural steel and aluminum. This is different with the brittle material, which shows relatively small strain up to the point of rupture. Examples of brittle material cast iron and concrete. Figure 2.1: Stress-strain diagram of a medium-carbon structural steel [5]
For