Tobacco and Youth Smokers

Chapter I
INTRODUCTION

I. Background of the Study
One of the first micro level studies on the economics of youth smoking appeared in the 1980’s. Their demand equation tested retail prices of cigarettes while controlling for various socioeconomic factors such as age, sex, race, family size, income, labor force status of mother, and for smuggling. Young consumers might be more price responsive than adults because of lower disposable income. The researchers also found that price has more effect on the decision to smoke at all than on the number of cigarettes smoked by a smoker. Anti-smoking advertising had a negative effect on smoking participation but it did not change the number of cigarettes consumed by smokers. In 1982, Lewit and Coate used data with respondents 20 to 74 years old. They concluded that smuggling can bias results and that the smuggling incentives should be controlled for. Dividing the sample into three age groups (20 – 25, 26 – 35, 36 – 74) and estimating separately the respective price responsiveness confirmed the hypothesis about the higher price elasticity among youth, perhaps also due to shorter smoking history (the addiction to nicotine did not have a chance to fully develop), higher discount rate for future consumption, and the multiplying effect of peer pressure which is stronger for young adults than for older consumers. As in the 1981 study, price had a larger effect on a person’s decision to smoke than on the number of cigarettes consumed by a smoker.

II. Statement of the Problem 1. How can smoking affect the body? 2. How do the young smokers control carving for cigarettes? 3. How do the prices of cigarette affect the level of smoking among the youths?

III. Research Objectives
These research objectives are to know how smoking can affect our body for the sake of those who don’t know yet the effects of smoking in their body. We may also determine on how to stop craving for cigarettes to help our youths lessen their smoking habits. And lastly to help the teenagers stop their smoking by the effects of smoking prices.

IV. Scope and Delimitations
The percentage of young smokers is increasing now days. Youths should be discipline. Smoking prices must be implemented.
The study limits its coverage on the students in Technological Institute of Philippines. Its main purpose is to identify the youth smokers and to have possible solutions regarding this problem.
This study considers every aspects of students’ personal information that has impact on the study such as the number of sticks of cigarettes the uses every day.
The researchers will take this opportunity to study and survey in the area of Technological Institute of the Philippines. If the students in Technological Institute of the Philippines will stop smoking if high prices in cigarettes were implemented. And what are the effects of this to the demand of the cigarettes. What will be the effects to the numbers of smoking students in Technological Institute of the Philippines? V. Definition of Terms
Youth Smokers in Technological Institute of the Philippines
– They are the reason for this study. They are the first respondent of the study
Cigarette Prices – This will help the smokers to quit smoking. The Researchers – This will help the researchers to pass the subject and to know about the subject.

Chapter II.
REVIEW OF THE RELATED LITERATURE There are many effects of cigarettes in our body. According to the book “Smoking – How to Break Addiction” (Doss, 1998). Hydrogen Cyanide, benzene urethane, nitroalkine, carbon dioxide and nicotine, these are only some of the harmful chemicals that affects our body and health condition. Every Cigarette Cost smokers 5 to 20 minutes of life, and cigarette smoking killed almost 10 million smokers. It’s a well known fact that smoking is the prime cause of cancer of the lungs. There is a survey that at least 158,700 are expected to die from this disease. In addition, smokers involved of cigarettes can quickly become surly. Within the hours of last cigarette, they may find themselves in the throes of violent “nicotine fit” intense carvings for a burning hit of tobacco smoke. Nine Far Eastern plants work in combination to provide unique and powerful support for people trying to quit instead of feeding the addiction. They also strengthen the organs damaged the most to restore good health and energy. (Doss, 1998) According to an article “Higher Cigarette Price Will Deter Smoking among Youth” (Garcia, 2012). New studies show that two out of five Filipino teens, from ages 13 to 15 years old, already engage in tobacco consumption. MANILA, Philippines, It’s confirmed! The Global Youth Tobacco Surveys, conducted in the Philippines in 2003 and 2007, say there is a significant increase in the number of young smokers in the country.
In 2003, 19.6 percent of teenagers from ages 13 to 15 years old consumed tobacco. This is 1.07 million out of the 5.46 million of that population according to the National Statistics Office.
In 2007 27.3 percent of the population in the same age group consumed tobacco, 1.56 million out of the 5.72 million young population.
In the 2011 survey, the National Youth Commission (NYC) estimated that among 5.89 million, 2.3 million or a 39.2 percent increase among kids of the same age group consumed tobacco. Simply, two out of five of these teenagers smoke cigarettes. (Garcia, 2012).
In addition, Tobacco company documents provide clear evidence on the impact of cigarette prices on cigarette smoking, describing how tax related and other price increases lead to significant reductions in smoking, particularly among young persons. This information was very important in developing the industry 's pricing strategies. Smoking Prices can really help the youth in quitting smoke. NYC believes that in order to stop the young people, or at least lessen the young consumers of tobacco, the excise tax on tobacco products must be increased. If the cost is cheap, it is easily accessible even among young people who have limited income. These are the youths ages 13 to 15 years old. NYC explains that studies have proven that increasing the price of cigarettes will stop most teenagers from smoking. University of the Philippines also did a research and among the students that were surveyed, 60 percent of them will stop smoking if a stick of cigarette is priced at R5 because it takes away a significant amount from their allowances. There’s a pending House Bill No. 5727, which plans to restructure the sin tax on alcohol and tobacco products. This bill, which is authored by Cavite representative Joseph Emilio Abaya, will replace the four-tier system on alcohol and cigarette to a unitary system. So the tax for the more expensive brands to the cheapest brands will have the same increase. (Garcia, 2012).

However there are negative effects. Congress should be extremely careful in redesigning the sin tax bill. With the proposed sharp rise in tax rates on and hence the price of cigarettes, the Philippine government might have to deal with the return of cigarette smuggling into the country. In addition Studies show that increases in tax rates, and accompanied by improvements in anti-smuggling law enforcement, may lead to higher government revenues and reduction in smoking and smuggling. This conglomerate represents the worst of all possible worlds for health advocates, proponents of equitable tax reform, and groups seeking corporate accountability, a transnational alliance headed by a notorious tax evader engaged in the production of a deadly commodity that is being squeezed out in other parts of the world by rising global health consciousness. In essence, the current excise tax system governing tobacco and alcohol constitutes a mechanism for legal tax evasion by Lucio Tan and his transnational partners. (Diokno, 2012).

Chapter III.
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY This chapter presents a description of the method of research used, procedures followed, respondents of the study and treatment of data and procedure utilized in the study.
Sampling Design The researchers of this study will list the names of the people in the area and randomly the researchers will pick the name and who ever will be picked will be our respondents for this study.
Research Design This study makes use of the descriptive-analysis it is the discipline of quantitatively describing the main features of a collection of data. This is by the survey method of research for the purpose of analyzing the perceptions of the effects of cigarette prices on youth smoking.
Respondents of the Study The respondents of the study are the youth smokers in some places like Metro Manila, Quezon City and others, mostly boys at age 13 to 15, all students that are underage smokers. A stratified random survey will be made for each respondent.

Instrumentation The measures of youth cigarette smoking are constructed from the research data and by survey. A random picking in a particular town will be made for the answering of the questionnaires.
In the questionnaire, each respondent will be asked to answer the questions which include the smoking of the youth and ways to control them. The respondents will be asked if smoke was safe and the effects to non-smokers that inhale the smoke. They will be asked about the increasing early smoking of youths.

Treatment of Data The researches were from the internet and based from observations that have proof. The treatment of data used to determine the percentage of smokers in the areas of Metro Manila and Quezon City.
Statistical Design The collected data were presented by the total percentage. All these data were based on the research. Percentage will be done on all variables using the following formula:

n where: n = is the number of youth smokers
P= x 100 P = is the percentage N N = is the total number of smokers the area

CONCLUSION 1. How can smoking affect the body?
Smoking can affect the way you breathe, by clogging up the lungs with tar. If you smoke for long enough, you can get cancer of the lungs and it is possible that you could die from smoking. It also gives you, a nasty taste in your mouth, gives you a terrible couth, and most of the time makes you out of breath. It also makes your teeth disgusting. Smoking decreases the amount of oxygen received by the body, which contributes to numerous health problems. Oxygen helps cleanse the body of all disease and impurities. That 's why some people use oxygen therapy to actually treat disease. Since your circulation is affected, skin is damaged by smoking too. A common trait of older smokers is their wrinkled, old looking skin. Many smokers have more wrinkles than they would if they didn 't smoke. This is because of the damage to skin cells caused by smoking. The damage in the lungs is the major cause of emphysema and some other chronic lung related illnesses. Like many other diseases, emphysema results in many other collateral illnesses because the person doesn 't get enough oxygen into the body. 2. How do the young smokers control carving for cigarettes?
Nicotine replacement therapy provides the body with nicotine generally in the form of a gum or patch without the other harmful parts of tobacco. These aids can help a person concentrate more on quitting the habit of smoking by relieving the symptoms of withdrawal. It is desirable to combine nicotine replacement therapy with other quit smoking programs. Studies have shown that using nicotine replacement therapy to handle the physical addiction along with a program that helps you change your behavior, can double your chance of success. 3. How do the prices of cigarette affect the level of smoking among the youths? The researchers believes that in order to stop the young people, or at least lessen the young consumers of tobacco, the excise tax on tobacco products must be increased because the Philippines is one of the countries in Asia that has the cheapest prices of tobacco products. The researchers don’t say that smoking must be prohibited but make them aware of the risks and to prevent sickness that is caused by early engaged in smoking by the youths.

The results of this analysis indicate that higher cigarette prices would result in substantial reductions in both smoking participation and average cigarette consumption among youth smokers. The number of smokers in the area is 2,250,000 and the large number of youths including non smokers is almost 5,000,000 the sum total percentage of youth smokers in this research is 27.08%. This percentage was frightening. This is like 2 out of 5 students were smoking and most of these are underage. The effects of the smoking in our health are very alarming and smokers may also cause second hand smoke. One of the main reason of early smoking is they say its “cool” this research wants to show that smoking is not cool especially if one knows the repercussions of this risky activity. What’s more alarming now is that the prime market of tobacco industry is the youth sector.

Bibliography
Samuelson, Tyler. “How does smoking affect your Body”. Ezinearticles.com. December 10, 2007. Ezine Articles < http://ezinearticles.com/?How-Does-Smoking-Affect-Your-Body&id=912907>
Garcia, Angelo G. “Higher Cigarette Price Will Deter Smoking Among Youth”. Mb.com.ph. March 20, 2012. Manila Bulletin Publishing Corporation.
< http://mb.com.ph/node/354838/higher-cigarette-price-will-deter->

Chaloupka, Frank J. “Tax, price and cigarette smoking: evidence from the tobacco documents and implications for tobacco company marketing strategies.” Tobaccocontrol.bmj.com. August, 25 2012. Tobacco Control. <http://tobaccocontrol.bmj.com/search?author1=F+J+Chaloupka&sortspec=date&submit=Submit>

Doss, Larry M.D. “Smoking- How to Break Addiction.” 2532 Lincolin Blvd. Suite 98. U.S.A. Health Quest Publication. 1998.

Bibliography: Samuelson, Tyler. “How does smoking affect your Body”. Ezinearticles.com. December 10, 2007. Ezine Articles &lt; http://ezinearticles.com/?How-Does-Smoking-Affect-Your-Body&amp;id=912907&gt; Garcia, Angelo G. “Higher Cigarette Price Will Deter Smoking Among Youth”. Mb.com.ph. March 20, 2012. Manila Bulletin Publishing Corporation. &lt; http://mb.com.ph/node/354838/higher-cigarette-price-will-deter-&gt; Chaloupka, Frank J. “Tax, price and cigarette smoking: evidence from the tobacco documents and implications for tobacco company marketing strategies.” Tobaccocontrol.bmj.com.  August, 25 2012. Tobacco Control. &lt;http://tobaccocontrol.bmj.com/search?author1=F+J+Chaloupka&amp;sortspec=date&amp;submit=Submit&gt; Doss, Larry M.D. “Smoking- How to Break Addiction.” 2532 Lincolin Blvd. Suite 98. U.S.A. Health Quest Publication. 1998.