Thermodynamics Section/Chapter Review(S)
Thermodynamics
Section Review 9A: 1. Scientists believed that the caloric was a material but mainly that it was an invisible fluid consisting of self-repelling particles. Two examples include how gases expand according to Newton’s laws, and determining the speed of sound in air. 2. The first person to successfully challenge the caloric theory was Benjamin Thompson. Benjamin observed that a dull boring bit could generate more hat than needed to melt the entire cannon barrel. 3. The significance was that Joule discovered that heat was the equivalent of mechanical work, which made it a form of energy and not a material fluid. 4. 4.18 N⋅m, or J/g and multiplied by °C is the required energy to raise the temperature of a gram of water to 1 °C. 5. Internal energy is the total of all the kinetic energies of an object’s particles. Thermal energy on the other hand, is just the kinetic energy portion of internal energy. 6. Thermal energy can be measured only when it is transferred from one system to another. The change in temperature is what actually is measured. 7. Well, first of all, it’s big… and free! Also, it’s a star with limitless solar energy. A few challenges include the sky being cloudy from time to time, and… cost of the whole energy farm? 8. False.
Section Review 9B: 1. Well, in the first statement, the person is telling a description of the weather. So he/she is basically stating a qualitative statement. The second statement however, it’s a quantitative statement because the actual temperature measured is being stated. 2. The property of a thermometer that allows it to indicate temperature is the thermometric property. Examples include the thermal expansion of liquids or metals or on the change of an electrical property to detect temperature. 3. A fiducial point must be fixed, precisely measurable, and easily reproducible in appropriately equipped laboratories. The fiducial points for Fahrenheit are 32 °F and 212 °F.
Section Review 9A: 1. Scientists believed that the caloric was a material but mainly that it was an invisible fluid consisting of self-repelling particles. Two examples include how gases expand according to Newton’s laws, and determining the speed of sound in air. 2. The first person to successfully challenge the caloric theory was Benjamin Thompson. Benjamin observed that a dull boring bit could generate more hat than needed to melt the entire cannon barrel. 3. The significance was that Joule discovered that heat was the equivalent of mechanical work, which made it a form of energy and not a material fluid. 4. 4.18 N⋅m, or J/g and multiplied by °C is the required energy to raise the temperature of a gram of water to 1 °C. 5. Internal energy is the total of all the kinetic energies of an object’s particles. Thermal energy on the other hand, is just the kinetic energy portion of internal energy. 6. Thermal energy can be measured only when it is transferred from one system to another. The change in temperature is what actually is measured. 7. Well, first of all, it’s big… and free! Also, it’s a star with limitless solar energy. A few challenges include the sky being cloudy from time to time, and… cost of the whole energy farm? 8. False.
Section Review 9B: 1. Well, in the first statement, the person is telling a description of the weather. So he/she is basically stating a qualitative statement. The second statement however, it’s a quantitative statement because the actual temperature measured is being stated. 2. The property of a thermometer that allows it to indicate temperature is the thermometric property. Examples include the thermal expansion of liquids or metals or on the change of an electrical property to detect temperature. 3. A fiducial point must be fixed, precisely measurable, and easily reproducible in appropriately equipped laboratories. The fiducial points for Fahrenheit are 32 °F and 212 °F.