THE STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF THE CONTRIBUTION OF NGOs ON POVERTY REDUCTION AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT PROCESS IN RWANDA

i

NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF RWANDA
FACULTY OF ECONOMICS AND MANAGEMENT
DEPARTMENT OF APPLIED STATISTICS
ACADEMIC YEAR: 2011-2012

THE STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF THE
CONTRIBUTION OF NGOs ON POVERTY REDUCTION
AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT PROCESS IN tt RWANDA
Case study: Caritas Diocese Gikongoro, Nyamagabe District (2000-2011)
Dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Economics and Management as a partial fulfillment for the award of the Bachelor 's Degree in
Applied Statistics by the National University of Rwanda

By:

NDIBANJE Gilbert

SUPERVISOR: Mr. Edouard MUSABANGANJI

Huye, July, 2012

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
DEDICATION ......................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
DECLARATION ..................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ..................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
TABLE OF CONTENTS ............................................................................................................ i
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS ................................................................. iv
LIST OF TABLES ..................................................................................................................... v
LIST OF FIGURES .................................................................................................................. vi
ABSTRACT .............................................................................................................................vii
CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................... 1
1.0. General introduction .................................................................................................... 1
1.1. Background of the study ............................................................................................. 1
1.2. Problem statement ....................................................................................................... 2
1.3. Objectives .................................................................................................................... 3
1.3.1. The main objective ............................................................................................... 3
1.3.2. The specific objectives ......................................................................................... 4
1.4. Hypothesis ................................................................................................................... 4
1.5. The scope of the study................................................................................................. 4
1.6. Significance of the study ............................................................................................. 4
1.6.1. Personal significance ........................................................................................... 4
1.6.2. Social significance ............................................................................................... 5
1.6.3. Economic significance ......................................................................................... 5
1.6.4. Academic significance ......................................................................................... 5
1.7. Organization of the study ............................................................................................ 5
CHAPTER II: LITTERATURE REVIEW .............................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
2.0. Introduction ................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
2.1. Definition of concepts ................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
2.1.1. Statistical analysis................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
2.1.2. The contribution ..................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
2.1.3. Non-government organizations (NGOs) ............ Error! Bookmark not defined.
2.1.4. The Poverty ........................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.
2.1.5. Economic development ...................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
2.1.6. Economic growth ............................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
2.2. The role of NGOs .......................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
2.2.1. The role of NGOs in modern societies ................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
2.2.3. The role of NGOs in Africa..................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
2.3. The NGOs in Rwanda ................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
2.3.1. Historical background of NGOs in Rwanda........... Error! Bookmark not defined.
2.3.2. The socio-economic role of NGOs in Rwanda ....... Error! Bookmark not defined.
2.4. Poverty reduction in Rwanda ........................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.
2.4.1. Poverty .................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
2.4.2. Characteristic of poverty ........................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.
2.4.3. The profile of Poverty in Rwanda ........................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

ii

2.4.5. Characteristics of Poor households in Rwanda ..... Error! Bookmark not defined.
2.4.6. Strategies of Poverty reduction in Rwanda ............ Error! Bookmark not defined.
2.5. Economic development in Rwanda ............................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY ........................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.
3.0. Introduction ................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
3.2. Research design ............................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
3. 3. Sources of data ............................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
3.3.1. Primary data ........................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
3.3.2. Secondary data ....................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
3.4. Population, Sample, Sample size determination ........... Error! Bookmark not defined.
3.4.1. Population .............................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
3.4.2. Sample .................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
3.4.3. Sample size determination ...................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
3. 5. Data collection techniques ........................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
3. 5.1. Documentary analysis/Documentation.................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
3.5.2. Surveying methods ................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
3.6. Study area ...................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
3.6.1. Geographical location ............................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.
3.6.2. Climatic condition .................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
3.6.3. Relief ...................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
3. 7. Data processing and analysis tools ............................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
3. 6.1. Data Editing .......................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
3.6.2. Data Coding .......................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
3.6.3. Tabulation............................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
3. 6.4. Testing techniques ................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
3.7. Limitation of the study .................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
CHAPTER IV: DATA PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF
RESULTS ................................................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.
4.0 Introduction .................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
4.1. The brief presentation of research field......................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
4.1.0. The description of Caritas diocese Gikongoro ....... Error! Bookmark not defined.
4.1.1. The mission and vision of caritas diocese Gikongoro ........... Error! Bookmark not defined. 4.1.2. The role of caritas Gikongoro on poverty reduction and economic development
.......................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
4.1.3. The opportunities and threats of caritas diocese Gikongoro Error! Bookmark not defined. 4.1.4. The challenges of caritas diocese Gikongoro......... Error! Bookmark not defined.
4.2. Demographic characteristics of respondents ................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
4.3. The situation of caritas beneficiaries before the intervention ...... Error! Bookmark not defined. 4.4. The contribution of caritas Gikongoro on poverty reduction of their beneficiaries
.............................................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.

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4.4.1. Relationship between problems and kind of support provided.... Error! Bookmark not defined.
4.4.2. Improvements on poverty indicators of caritas beneficiaries Error! Bookmark not defined. 4.4.3. The way beneficiaries agree that their poverty has been reduced ..................Error!
Bookmark not defined.
4.5. The contribution of caritas Diocese Gikongoro on the economic development ....Error!
Bookmark not defined.
4.5.1. The increase in income of beneficiaries and the role of caritas Gikongoro ...Error!
Bookmark not defined.
4.5.2. The caritas beneficiaries agree the NGOs contribution on economic development
.......................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
CHAPTER V: SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS ..............Error!
Bookmark not defined.
5.0 Introduction .................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
5.1 Summary of the findings ................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.
5.1.1. The findings on identification of sampled beneficiaries ........ Error! Bookmark not defined. 5.1.2. The findings of statistical analysis of hypotheses ... Error! Bookmark not defined.
5.2. Conclusions ................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
5.3 Recommendations .......................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
REFERENCES .......................................................................................................................... 6
APPENDEXES ........................................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.
APPENDEX I. QUESTIONNAIRE ................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
APPENDEX II: THE POST-HOLC TUKEY’S TEST (output from SPSS) .................... I
APPENDEX III : RECCOMENDATION LETTER ......................................................... III
APPENDEX IV : MAP OF NYAMAGABE DISTRICT ..................................................IV
APPENDEX V : LETTER ALLOWING THE RESEARCHER TO CONDUCT A
RESEARCH IN CARITAS DIOCESE GIKIONGORO ...................................................... V

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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS
NGOs: Non-governmental Organizations
EDPRS: Economic Development and Poverty Reduction Strategy
GoR: Government of Rwanda
MDGs: Millennium Development Goals
UN: United Nations
VUP: Vision 2020 Umurenge Program
GNI/GNP: Gross National Income/ Gross National Product
NEPAD: New partnership for African Development
UNIDO: United Nations International Development Organizations
PPA: Participatory poverty Assessment
PRSP I: Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper one
DDPs/SSPs: District Development Plans/ Sector Strategic Plans
JADFs: Joint Action Development Forums
SWGs: Sector Working Groups
GDP: Gross Domestic Product
UNDP: United Nations Development Program
CLRM: Classical Linear Regression Model
BLUE : Best Linear Unbiased Estimators
HIV/ AIDS: Human immunodeficiency virus / Acquired immuno deficiency syndrome
HSD: Honestly Significant Difference
ANOVA: Analysis of Variance
SS/MSB: Sum of Squares/ Mean Squares Between groups
MSW: Sum Squares Within groups
SPSS: Statistical Packages for Social Sciences
NISR: National Institute of Statistics of Rwanda

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LIST OF TABLES
Table 1: Percentage of the Rwandan population identified as poor .......................................... 3
Table 2: The majors causes of poverty in Rwanda .................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
Table 3:The characteristics of poor households....................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Table 4: ANOVA table ............................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.
Table 5: The frequency distribution of the gender of respondents GenderError!

Bookmark

not defined.
Table 6:Distribution of respondents according to the Marital statusError!

Bookmark

not

defined.
Table 7:The frequency distribution of the highest educational level of the respondent ...Error!
Bookmark not defined.
Table 8:The frequency distributions of the respondents according to their occupation Error!
Bookmark not defined.
Table 9:The distribution of respondents according the poverty related problems...........Error!
Bookmark not defined.
Table 10:The frequency distribution of how beneficiaries knew CaritasError!

Bookmark

not defined.
Table 11:The cross tab of the kind of support and the poverty problem faced ................Error!
Bookmark not defined.
Table 12:Chi-Square Tests ....................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Table 13:The frequency table of the problem of our respondents have been resolved ....Error!
Bookmark not defined.
Table 14:The improvement of consumption of food of the beneficiesError! Bookmark not defined. Table 15:The way the access to medical services changed ... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Table 16:How the poverty has been changing ........................ Error! Bookmark not defined.
Table 17:The poverty change during the assistance and kind of assistanceError! Bookmark not defined.
Table 18:The poverty change during the assistance and kind of assistanceError! Bookmark not defined.
Table 19:The ways NGOs can contribute to poverty reduction in RwandaError! Bookmark not defined.
Table 20:The extent at which have NGOs can reduce poverty in RwandaError! not defined.

Bookmark

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Table 21:The multiple regression model1 ............................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Table 22:ANOVA Table 1 ....................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Table 23:Individual test ........................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Table 24:Anova table 2 ............................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.
Table 25:How beneficiaries agree that NGOs can contribute to the economic development
.................................................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
Table 26:The extent at which NGOs can contribute to economic development in Rwanda
.................................................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.

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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1: Rural asset poverty trap ........................................................................................................... 2
Figure 2:Bar graph of Age distribution of the respondents...................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Figure 3:Distribution of kind of assistance the beneficiaries are given ... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Figure 4:Distribution of value of assistance the beneficiaries are given.. Error! Bookmark not defined.
Figure 5:Distribution of income before and after the intervention .......... Error! Bookmark not defined.

viii

ABSTRACT

Nowadays, the poverty reduction and economic development are among the preoccupations around the World. The developing countries including Rwanda are sometimes not able to achieve those targets without the intervention of NGOs. But in most cases the NGOs activities do not mean a significant improvement of the life conditions of their beneficiaries.
This study focuses on the statistical analysis of the contribution of NGOs in poverty reduction and economic development process in Rwanda, case study of caritas Diocese Gikongoro.
The data were collected from caritas beneficiaries using questionnaire and from caritas
Gikongoro managers/staff using interview. They were analyzed using chi-square, ANOVA and multiple linear regressions. The main objective of this study was to make the statistical analysis of the contribution of NGOs on poverty reduction and economic development process in Rwanda. Other specific objectives were to identify the main activities of caritas in poverty reduction and economic development, to evaluate the contribution that had caritas
Diocese Gikongoro in health, education and income generation of their beneficiaries.
The research hypothesis stated ―the dependence between the kind of assistance and poverty related problems of beneficiaries‖, ―the dependence of the poverty change on the kind of support‖ ―the dependence of the income on the value of intervention provided to the beneficiaries‖, and ―the difference between means of income of beneficiaries according to kinds of support they are provided‖. The research findings show that the kind of support provided to caritas beneficiaries depends on the poverty related problems, the increase in income of the beneficiaries is positively depends on the values of the intervention from caritas, the income of the beneficiaries is related and dependent on the kind of support.
Therefore caritas Gikongoro has significantly contributed on the improvement of life conditions of their beneficiaries.

The recommendations have been made to the government, to increase the collaboration with
NGOs in order to identify all people in need of assistance. NGOs should increase the number of beneficiaries and monitor all their development programs. The further researchers were recommended to relate the expenses of NGOs and the benefits to their beneficiaries.

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CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION
1.0. General introduction
Economic development is the increase in the standard of living in a nation 's population with sustained growth from a simple, low-income economy to a modern, high-income economy.
Also, if the local quality of life could be improved, economic development would be enhanced. Its scope includes the process and policies by which a nation improves the economic, political, and social well-being of its people.
The poverty is more than a simple lack of income. It should be regarded more broadly as the lack of capabilities of men and women to function at some minimal level, as they see fit.
These capabilities include the ability to be fed, clothed, and have shelter, all closely related to income but extended to notions of functioning that pertain to good health, education, and effective civic participation (Sen1999).
Poverty reduction and economic development are fundamentally concerned with helping people to deal with unforeseeable threats and sudden downturns, whether international financial crises, environmental disasters or incapacitating illnesses. NGOs are the ones of the most visible sets of actors in the related fields of poverty reduction, human and economic development, human rights, and can play a significant role in helping to achieve economic development (Sarah Michael, 2002).
1.1.Background of the study
The Rwanda is one of landlocked developing sub-Saharan African country. Its annual population growth is 2.9%, based largely at 80% on rain-fall subsistance agricultural activities. In 2008, 56.9% of the population was living below the poverty line and 37.9% were extremely poor. To address the problem, Rwanda put in place the programs aiming at economic development and poverty reduction. Rwanda’s Economic Development and
Poverty Reduction Strategy (EDPRS) provides a medium term framework for achieving the country’s long term development aspirations as embodied in Rwanda Vision 2020, the seven year Government of Rwanda (GoR) program, and the Millennium Development Goals. The standard of living is still strongly low, according to the high population under poverty line of
44.9% (2011). This last issue makes some people in Rwanda to depend on the support of
Non-government organizations.

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High entry barriers for the rural poor can result in an asset poverty trap; poorer households are unable to take entry barrier to nonfarm diversification activities, this leaves them to make use of lesser profitable return-activities left behind by better-off households. The lower incomes from these activities limit their ability to use or expand their livelihood assets, leaving them with a lower income which places them again into poorer household category
(Bhatt, Ela R. 1998).
Figure 1: Rural asset poverty trap
Poor household

Unable to take entry barriers

Low

Lowest

Livelihood

Return-activities

Income

Unequal
Access to assets

Source: Bhatt, Ela R. 1998
In order to end the poverty and to progress in the economic development, the 191 UN members signed the eight United Nations Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) in 2000.
The first goal of the MDGs is to eradicate extreme poverty and hunger. To achieve this goal, a target has been set that is, to reduce by half the proportion of people living on less than a dollar a day by 2015. If the target can be realized, there will be an opportunity to end the extreme poverty by 2025. It means that poverty is the greatest challenge of global society.
NGOs are thee great partners in development. Since the post World War II, NGOs involvement in poverty reduction has become a mainstream. They have been engaged in relief, emergency or longer-term development work or the mixture of all three. Although the evidence on NGOs performance in poverty alleviation is mixed, up to now, it is generally assumed that NGOs have the institutional capacity to reduce poverty.
1.2.Problem statement
Despite many poverty reduction and economic development programs in Rwanda the situation of poverty in Rwanda is relatively high: Over 44.9% (2011) live below the poverty line. The inequality runs deep, with the richest 10% of the population holding approximately
50% of the national wealth compared with 50% of the population sharing just 10% of the wealth. 3

The following are the statistics of poverty in different year:
Table 1: Percentage of the Rwandan population identified as poor
Province

2000/01

2005/06

2010/11

Kigali City

22.7%

20.8%

16.8%

Southern Province

65.5%

66.7%

56.5%

Western Province

62.3%

60.4%

48.4%

Northern Province

64.2%

60.5%

42.8%

Eastern Province

59.3%

52.1%

42.6%

Urban

28.5%

22.1%

Rural

61.9%

48.7%

56.7%

44.9%

Total

58.9%

Source: The evolution of poverty in Rwanda from 2000 to 2011: Results from the Household
Surveys (EICV)
The highly noted progress made by Rwanda since the implementation of EDPRS I is the fact that poverty rate has dropped almost 12% in five years, from 56.7% in 2006 to 44.9% in 2011
(NISR). As many NGOs like caritas Rwanda have their missions of assisting the people with the very low economic capacity ( poor, vulnerable, etc ), by the increasing the income, and improving health conditions, one can wonder the contribution of those NGOs in that progress of poverty reduction and economic development. If their beneficiaries are progressing what is the extent at which, the NGOs have contributed on that progress.
The general prevailing economic situation of Rwanda, calls for the analytical research into the contribution of NGOs in poverty reduction and economic development. The researcher asked himself the following research questions:
 Is the kind of assistance to the beneficiaries dependent on the problems they faced?
 How do NGOs contribute to the improvement of the life conditions of citizens?
 At which extent, NGOs participate in education, income generation and in heath?
 At which extent the increase in conditions of living of beneficiaries depends on the performance of NGOs?
1.3.Objectives
1.3.1. The main objective
The overall objective of this research is to make statistical analysis of the contribution of
NGOs on poverty reduction and economic development process in Rwanda, case study of caritas Diocese Gikongoro ( Nyamagabe district).

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1.3.2. The specific objectives

The specific objectives of this study are followings:
 To identify the main activities of caritas Gikongoro in the process of poverty reduction and economic development.
 To evaluate the contribution of NGOs in Health care (health insurance and direct supports), education or capacity building and in income generation.
 To identify the extent at which NGOs are contributing to poverty reduction.
 To find out to what extent NGOs play role to solve the poverty related problems of their beneficiaries in increasing their economic conditions.
1.4.Hypothesis
The objectives will be achieved through the following hypothesis:
•

There is dependence between the kind of assistance or supports and the problems the beneficiaries faced.

•

The poverty reduction is likely dependent on the kind of support provided from caritas Gikongoro.

•

The income generated by the beneficiaries depends on the value of the intervention from caritas diocese Gikongoro.

•

There is a difference between means of income of caritas beneficiaries after the intervention according to the kind of support they are provided.

1.5.The scope of the study
The desire of the researcher was to carry out the study on various NGOs, but because of limited time and other means the study will be articulated on the Statistical analysis of the contribution of CARITAS Diocese Gikongoro on the poverty reduction and economic development process of their beneficiaries. This non-government organization is operating in actual Nyamagabe, Nyaruguru, small part of Nyanza and small part of Huye District, but the research has been conducted in Nyamagabe, Southern province.
1.6.Significance of the study
The study has an importance in various ways such as personal, social economic and academic significance. 1.6.1. Personal significance

Rwanda is facing many problems such as technological lag, capital formation problem, low level of productivity, inequality in distribution of income, large scale unemployment and under employment, high population growth and dependency burden.

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As a development partners, this study will enable the researcher to know the contribution or the role played by NGOs especially in poverty reduction and economic development in
Rwanda. It is also a partial fulfillment of bachelor’s degree in Applied statistics from
National University of Rwanda.
1.6.2. Social significance
The world wide has the same vision of development in this millennium. The Rwanda in that context, has envisaged so many initiatives as EDPRS, Vision 2020, VUP, One cow by one family, etc. This study will show the contribution of NGOs as development partners, in the process of improving the standard of living of their beneficiaries as well as of the society as a whole. 1.6.3. Economic significance
This study has the economic significance in the case that it will enable the policy makers to know how NGOs may be managed so that their role and contribution should be optimized.
1.6.4. Academic significance
The research findings are of particular importance to scholars and other researchers as it adds to literature available on the contribution of NGOs in poverty reduction and economic development. The study should also a basis for other researchers to carry out related study.
1.7.Organization of the study
The study is composed of five (5) chapters. The first chapter has to do with the introduction and background of the study, statement of the problem, objectives, hypotheses, scope of the study, organization of the study, and the significance (interests) of the study. The second chapter concerns the theoretical review or literature review of the study. The third chapter is the research methodology, showing methods and techniques used in collecting and analyzing the research data. The fourth chapter will exhaustively report the analysis of research findings. The last (5th) chapter includes summary, conclusion and recommendations of the study. 6

REFERENCES
A. BOOKS
1. Bhatt, Ela R.(1998), Empowering the Poor Through Micro-Finance: The SEWA Bank‖.
In Social Change Through Voluntary Action. (eds).New Delhi: SAGE Publications. pp.
146-161
2. Clark, John. 1991. Democratizing Development: The Role of Voluntary Organizations.
London: Earths can Publications Ltd.
3. Cochran, W. G. 1963. Sampling Techniques, 2nd Ed. New York: John Wiley and Sons,
Inc.
4. Deaton, Angus. 2006. ―Measuring poverty, in A.V. Banerjee, R. Bénabou, and D.
Mookherjee (eds.), Understanding Poverty. New York: Oxford University Press.
5. Israel, Glenn D. 1992. Sampling The Evidence Of Extension Program Impact. Program
Evaluation and Organizational Development, IFAS, University of Florida. October
6. Gerald Meir (1984), Leading Issues in Economic Development, 6thedition 1984 New
York
7. Helpman, Elhanan(2004), The Mystery of Economic Growth. Cambridge: Harvard
University Press, 2004.
8. Jones, Charles I. (2002) Introduction to Economic Growth 2nd ed. W. W. Norton &
Company: New York, N.Y.
9. Lockyer, Sharon(2004), "Coding Qualitative Data." In The Sage Encyclopedia of Social
Science Research Methods, Edited by Michael S. Lewis-Beck, Alan Bryman, and
Timothy Futing Liao, v. 1, 137-138. Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage
10. Montngomery, D.C, Johnwiley& Sons (2004), Design and analysis of experiment,6th ed.
ISBN047148735X
11. Moyo Sam. (2000) ―Financial and Institutional Sustainability of NGOs‖. In NGOs, the
State and Politics in Zimbabwe. Sam Moyo, John Makumbe and Brian Raftopoulos (eds).
Harare: SAPES Books. pp. 62-79.
12. Nasong’o S. W. (2002), Civil Society and African Democratization. The Flip Side of the
Coin, Studies in Democratization, the Centre for the Study of Democracy, Northeastern
University
13. Ranjit kumar, (2005). Research Methodology: A Step-by-Step Guide For Beginners 2nd
Ed. SAGE publications Ltd, London,(186-203)
B. REPORTS
1. Caritas Rwanda(2010), Rapport annuel et plan stratégique de l’an 2011, Kigali Rwanda
2. Ditchley 2009/01) 15-17 January 2009,The conference on the role of international
NGOs, United Kingdom
3. MINECOFIN (2000) Rwanda Vision 2020, Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning,
Kigali.
4. ——— (2006) Rwanda’s Poverty Reduction Strategy Evaluation Report, Republic of
Rwanda, Kigali.
5. ——— (2007a) EDPRS Poverty Analysis of Ubudehe, Republic of Rwanda, Kigali.

7

6. ——— (2007b) EICV Poverty Analysis for Rwanda’s Economic Development and
Poverty Reduction Strategy, Republic of Rwanda, Kigali.
7. MINECOFIN, NISR (2011) The evolution of poverty in Rwanda from 2000 to 2011:
Results from the household surveys (EICV), Kigali , Rwanda
8. NISR (2010), Rwanda Demographic and health survey Report, Kigali Rwanda

9. Rwanda (2006): Ubudehe survey Report , Kigali, Rwanda
10. Stephen Heintz (January,2006), The Role of NGOs in Modern Societies and an
Increasingly Interdependept World, Report on Annual Conference of the Institute for
Civil Society, Zhongshan University Guangzhou, China.
C. PAPERS
1. Chege, Sam. 1999. ―Donors shift more aid to NGOs‖ Africa Recovery, Volume 13,
Number1.
2. Sarah Michael (2002), The role of NGOs in human security, working paper Harvard
University
3. Sen, Amartya Kumar 1983. ―Poor, relatively speaking, Oxford Economic Papers,
New Series,35(2):153–169.
4. Smith,T.M.F(1993), Population and selection: limitation of statistics (Presidential address)". Journal of Royal statistics society. Series A (Statistics in Society) 156 (2):
144–166
5. Suharko (2007): The Roles of NGOs in Rural Poverty Reduction: The Case of
Indonesia and India, Discussion Paper No. 160, GSID - Nagoya University, Japan. .
C. DISSERTATIONS
1. Dhakal, Tek, Nath (2002): The Role of Non-governmental Organizations in the
Improvement of Livelihood in Nepal, Dissertation, University of Temper, Department of
Administrative Science, Finland.
2. Muhammad Fakbrul HodaSiddiqui,(2004), Role of NGOs in rural development in district badin, SINDH AND ITS IMPACT on the quality of life of the area,Thesis ,Karachi
University
D. JOURNALS AND ELECTRONIC SOURCES
1. The Economist, January 29, 2000:Sins of NGOs, Center for Civil Society International
2. Younge, G, (1998), The Guardian, May 28, 1998, 15
3.

(http://www.businessdictionary.com visited on March 13th 2012

4. http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/Accessed on 5th, April 2012.
5. http://www.statistics.gov.rw/publications, Accessed on 10th, May 2012
6. www.nyamagabe.gov.rw,Accessedpon15th March ,2012.

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APPENDEX II:

THE POST-HOLC TUKEY’S TEST (output from SPSS)
Multiple Comparisons

Income after the intervention
Tukey HSD
(I) What is the
(J) What is the
Mean
kind of assistance? kind of assistance? Difference (I-J) Std. Error
Money

95% Confidence Interval
Sig.

Lower Bound

Upper Bound

Materials

-9976.190

3423.970

.088

-20728.54

776.16

Technical

1857.143

5772.316

1.000

-16269.76

19984.04

Livestock

-3428.571

3848.210

.986

-15513.17

8656.03

*

3423.970

.011

-23311.88

-1807.17

Seeds

-1604.396

3375.104

1.000

-12203.29

8994.50

Health insurance

-4017.857

3726.014

.959

-15718.72

7683.01

Others
Money
Techinical
Livestock
School fees
Seeds
Health insurance
Others
Money
Materials
Livestock
School fees
Seeds
Health insurance
Others
Money
Materials
Techinical
School fees
Seeds
Health insurance
Others
Money
Materials
Techinical
Livestock
Seeds

-6000.000
9976.190
11833.333
6547.619
-2583.333
8371.795
5958.333
3976.190
-1857.143
-11833.333
-5285.714
-14416.667
-3461.538
-5875.000
-7857.143
3428.571
-6547.619
5285.714
-9130.952
1824.176
-589.286
-2571.429
12559.524*
2583.333
14416.667
9130.952
10955.128*

3848.210
3423.970
5498.589
3423.970
2939.119
2882.044
3286.035
3423.970
5772.316
5498.589
5772.316
5498.589
5468.293
5691.580
5772.316
3848.210
3423.970
5772.316
3423.970
3375.104
3726.014
3848.210
3423.970
2939.119
5498.589
3423.970
2882.044

.772
.088
.395
.548
.987
.090
.614
.940
1.000
.395
.983
.169
.998
.968
.871
.986
.548
.983
.153
.999
1.000
.998

-18084.60
-776.16
-5433.98
-4204.73
-11813.10
-678.74
-4360.86
-6776.16
-19984.04
-29100.65
-23412.62
-31683.98
-20633.71
-23748.37
-25984.04
-8656.03
-17299.97
-12841.19
-19883.31
-8774.72
-12290.15
-14656.03
1807.17
-6646.43
-2850.65
-1621.40
1904.60

6084.60
20728.54
29100.65
17299.97
6646.43
17422.33
16277.53
14728.54
16269.76
5433.98
12841.19
2850.65
13710.64
11998.37
10269.76
15513.17
4204.73
23412.62
1621.40
12423.07
11111.58
9513.17
23311.88
11813.10
31683.98
19883.31
20005.66

School fees

Materials

Techinical

Livestock

School fees

-12559.524

.011
.987
.169
.153
.008

II

8541.667
6559.524

3286.035
3423.970

.177
.546

-1777.53
-4192.83

18860.86
17311.88

Seeds

Health insurance
Others
Money

1604.396

3375.104

1.000

-8994.50

12203.29

-8371.795
3461.538
-1824.176
-10955.128*
-2413.462
-4395.604

2882.044
5468.293
3375.104
2882.044
3235.086
3375.104

.090
.998
.999
.008
.995
.894

-17422.33
-13710.64
-12423.07
-20005.66
-12572.66
-14994.50

678.74
20633.71
8774.72
-1904.60
7745.73
6203.29

Health insurance

Materials
Techinical
Livestock
School fees
Health insurance
Others
Money

4017.857

3726.014

.959

-7683.01

15718.72

-5958.333
5875.000
589.286
-8541.667
2413.462
-1982.143

3286.035
5691.580
3726.014
3286.035
3235.086
3726.014

.614
.968
1.000
.177
.995
.999

-16277.53
-11998.37
-11111.58
-18860.86
-7745.73
-13683.01

4360.86
23748.37
12290.15
1777.53
12572.66
9718.72

Others

Materials
Techinical
Livestock
School fees
Seeds
Others
Money

6000.000

3848.210

.772

-6084.60

18084.60

Materials
-3976.190
Techinical
7857.143
Livestock
2571.429
School fees
-6559.524
Seeds
4395.604
Health insurance
1982.143
*. The mean difference is significant at the 0.05 level.

3423.970
5772.316
3848.210
3423.970
3375.104
3726.014

.940
.871
.998
.546
.894
.999

-14728.54
-10269.76
-9513.17
-17311.88
-6203.29
-9718.72

6776.16
25984.04
14656.03
4192.83
14994.50
13683.01

III

APPENDEX III : RECCOMENDATION LETTER

IV

APPENDEX IV : MAP OF NYAMAGABE DISTRICT

Source: www.nyamagabe.gov.rw

V

APPENDEX V : LETTER ALLOWING THE RESEARCHER TO CONDUCT A
RESEARCH IN CARITAS DIOCESE GIKIONGORO

References: 3. Cochran, W. G. 1963. Sampling Techniques, 2nd Ed. New York: John Wiley and Sons, Inc. 4. Deaton, Angus. 2006. ―Measuring poverty, in A.V. Banerjee, R. Bénabou, and D. 5. Israel, Glenn D. 1992. Sampling The Evidence Of Extension Program Impact. Program Evaluation and Organizational Development, IFAS, University of Florida 6. Gerald Meir (1984), Leading Issues in Economic Development, 6thedition 1984 New York 7. Helpman, Elhanan(2004), The Mystery of Economic Growth. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2004. 8. Jones, Charles I. (2002) Introduction to Economic Growth 2nd ed. W. W. Norton & Company: New York, N.Y. 9. Lockyer, Sharon(2004), "Coding Qualitative Data." In The Sage Encyclopedia of Social Science Research Methods, Edited by Michael S 12. Nasong’o S. W. (2002), Civil Society and African Democratization. The Flip Side of the Coin, Studies in Democratization, the Centre for the Study of Democracy, Northeastern 1. Caritas Rwanda(2010), Rapport annuel et plan stratégique de l’an 2011, Kigali Rwanda 2 4. ——— (2006) Rwanda’s Poverty Reduction Strategy Evaluation Report, Republic of Rwanda, Kigali. 5. ——— (2007a) EDPRS Poverty Analysis of Ubudehe, Republic of Rwanda, Kigali. 7. MINECOFIN, NISR (2011) The evolution of poverty in Rwanda from 2000 to 2011: Results from the household surveys (EICV), Kigali , Rwanda 8. NISR (2010), Rwanda Demographic and health survey Report, Kigali Rwanda 9 10. Stephen Heintz (January,2006), The Role of NGOs in Modern Societies and an Increasingly Interdependept World, Report on Annual Conference of the Institute for 2. Sarah Michael (2002), The role of NGOs in human security, working paper Harvard University 4. Smith,T.M.F(1993), Population and selection: limitation of statistics (Presidential address)" 2. Muhammad Fakbrul HodaSiddiqui,(2004), Role of NGOs in rural development in district badin, SINDH AND ITS IMPACT on the quality of life of the area,Thesis ,Karachi 1. The Economist, January 29, 2000:Sins of NGOs, Center for Civil Society International 2