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KARL MARX

Karl Marx never called himself a sociologist, but he had immense influence on sociology and the other social sciences.

He is better known outside the social sciences for his writing about communism.

He said that the working class will defeat the ownership class, and result in a utopia where government will wither away to nothing and the principle of economics will be based on "For each according to his needs, and from each according to his ability."

His contribution to thinking in sociology is mainly in a perspective called "Conflict Theory" in which social organization and change is based upon conflicts built into society.

He did not define the perspective nor coin the word. Those who use the perspective draw from his writings.

His notions of change were built on the writing of a philosopher, Hegel, who developed the concept of the dialectic.

Marx took this idea of the dialectic and applied it to society, saying that the origins of change are all materialistic, not based on ideas

EMILLE DURKEIM

Throughout his career, Durkheim was concerned primarily with three goals. First, to establish sociology as a new academic discipline. Second, to analyze how societies could maintain their integrity and coherence in the modern era, when things such as shared religious and ethnic background could no longer be assumed; to that end he wrote much about the effect of laws, religion, education and similar forces on society and social integration. Lastly, Durkheim was concerned with the practical implications of scientific knowledge. The importance of social integration is expressed throughout Durkheim's work:
For if society lacks the unity that derives from the fact that the relationships between its parts are exactly regulated, that unity resulting from the harmonious articulation of its various functions assured by effective discipline and if, in addition, society lacks the unity based upon the commitment of men's wills to a common objective, then it is no more than a pile of sand that the least jolt or the slightest puff will suffice to scatter.
—Émile Durkheim

RESEARCH ON: -

1. KARL MARX

2. EMILLE DURKHEIN

3. MAX WEBER

Done by – Chadwick Clough.
MAX WEBER

Max Weber is one of the best known figures in sociological theory. Weber was committed to the study of causality, the probability that an event will be followed or accompanied by another event. He also believed that social scientists should not let their personal values influence their scientific research. Sociology should be "value free."
One of Weber’s best known contributions to contemporary sociology is the ideal type. An ideal type is a concept constructed by a social scientist, based on his or her interests and theoretical orientation, to capture the essential features of some social phenomenon. Weber also analyzed the how rationality has become institutionally embedded in modern industrialized societies. He defines rationality in two ways: means-ends and value rationality, both of which refer to types of actions. There are four specific types: practical rationality, theoretical rationality, substantive rationality, and formal rationality. Additionally, Weber’s work with religion and capitalism involved cross-cultural historical research.