Heat and the Second Law of Thermodynamics
Why is it easier to make an omelet from an egg than to make an egg from an omelet?
PHYSICS
BIOLOGY
A pot of boiling water gradually cools as heat energy dissipates into the surroundings.
CHEMISTRY
All living things grow old and die, as molecular defects in cells increase. (Ch. 22)
The chemical energy of gasoline, once released by burning, cannot be reused.
ENVIRONMENT
Modern highefficiency appliances are designed to minimize the production of waste heat.
Heat is a form of energy that flows from warmer to cooler objects.
Violent weather, including thunderstorms and tornadoes, occurs when warmer and cooler air masses collide. (Ch. 18)
TECHNOLOGY
Heat energy from the Sun flows outward from its core, first by conduction, then convection, then radiation. (Ch. 14) Living organisms have different strategies for controlling the flow of heat in their bodies.
Volcanoes transfer heat energy from Earth’s interior. (Ch. 17)
ASTRONOMY
GEOLOGY
= applications of the great idea discussed in this chapter
= other applications, some of which are discussed in other chapters
HEALTH & SAFETY
Science Through the Day
ime for a hearty breakfast. You scramble eggs, squeeze some fresh juice, toast a muffin, and brew a pot of coffee. As you prepare the meal, you notice an obvious but extraordinary fact: nature seems to have a direction. Many events in daily life progress only one way in time. It’s easy to scramble eggs but impossible to unscramble them. You can squeeze juice from a piece of fruit, but never unsqueeze it. Toast can’t be untoasted and coffee can’t be unbrewed. But why should this be? Nothing in Newton’s laws of motion or the law of gravity suggests that events work only in one way. Nothing that we have learned about energy explains the directionality of nature. As you drink your cold juice and hot coffee, you realize that food and drinks that are very hot or very cold display a... [continues]
Why is it easier to make an omelet from an egg than to make an egg from an omelet?
PHYSICS
BIOLOGY
A pot of boiling water gradually cools as heat energy dissipates into the surroundings.
CHEMISTRY
All living things grow old and die, as molecular defects in cells increase. (Ch. 22)
The chemical energy of gasoline, once released by burning, cannot be reused.
ENVIRONMENT
Modern highefficiency appliances are designed to minimize the production of waste heat.
Heat is a form of energy that flows from warmer to cooler objects.
Violent weather, including thunderstorms and tornadoes, occurs when warmer and cooler air masses collide. (Ch. 18)
TECHNOLOGY
Heat energy from the Sun flows outward from its core, first by conduction, then convection, then radiation. (Ch. 14) Living organisms have different strategies for controlling the flow of heat in their bodies.
Volcanoes transfer heat energy from Earth’s interior. (Ch. 17)
ASTRONOMY
GEOLOGY
= applications of the great idea discussed in this chapter
= other applications, some of which are discussed in other chapters
HEALTH & SAFETY
Science Through the Day
ime for a hearty breakfast. You scramble eggs, squeeze some fresh juice, toast a muffin, and brew a pot of coffee. As you prepare the meal, you notice an obvious but extraordinary fact: nature seems to have a direction. Many events in daily life progress only one way in time. It’s easy to scramble eggs but impossible to unscramble them. You can squeeze juice from a piece of fruit, but never unsqueeze it. Toast can’t be untoasted and coffee can’t be unbrewed. But why should this be? Nothing in Newton’s laws of motion or the law of gravity suggests that events work only in one way. Nothing that we have learned about energy explains the directionality of nature. As you drink your cold juice and hot coffee, you realize that food and drinks that are very hot or very cold display a... [continues]
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