Satellite Communications

1
SATELLITE COMMUNICATION – AN INTRODUCTION
Contents 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Basics 1.3 Applications of Satellites o Weather Forecasting o Radio and TV Broadcast o Military o Navigation o Global Telephone o Connecting Remote Areas o Global Mobile Communication 1.4 Frequency Allocation of Satellites 1.5 Types of Orbits o GEO o LEO o MEO o Sun Synchronous Orbit o Hohmann Transfer Orbit o Prograde Orbit o Retrograde Orbit o Polar Orbits 1.6 Examples o INTELSAT o U.S. Domsats o Polar Orbiting Satellites 1.7 Summary 1.8 Exercise

1.1 INTRODUCTION
Satellites are specifically made for telecommunication purpose. They are used for mobile applications such as communication to ships, vehicles, planes, hand-held terminals and for TV and radio broadcasting.

2 They are responsible for providing these services to an assigned region (area) on the earth. The power and bandwidth of these satellites depend upon the preferred size of the footprint, complexity of the traffic control protocol schemes and the cost of ground stations. A satellite works most efficiently when the transmissions are focused with a desired area. When the area is focused, then the emissions don‟t go outside that designated area and thus minimizing the interference to the other systems. This leads more efficient spectrum usage. Satellite‟s antenna patterns play an important role and must be designed to best cover the designated geographical area (which is generally irregular in shape). Satellites should be designed by keeping in mind its usability for short and long term effects throughout its life time. The earth station should be in a position to control the satellite if it drifts from its orbit it is subjected to any kind of drag from the external forces.

1.2 BASICS
Satellites orbit around the earth. Depending on the application, these orbits can be circular or elliptical. Satellites in circular orbits always keep the same distance to the earth‟s surface following a simple law: The attractive force

References: 114. www.wikipedia.com 115. http://www.tech-faq.com/vsat.html 116. M. Richharia, Mobile Satellite Communication: Principles and Trends, Pearson Education 117. Rappaort, Wireless Communications Principals and Practices 118. YI Bing Lin, Wireless and Mobile Network Architectures, John Wiley 119. P. Nicopolitidis ,Wireless Networks, John Wiley 120. Satellite Communications Dennis Roddy 3rd edition, Mc-Graw Hill publication 121. http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/524891/s atellite-communication 122. World Hello world Hello world Hello world Hello world Hello world Hello world Hello world Hello world Hello world Hello world Hello world Hello world Hello world Hello world Hello world Hello world Hello world. Hello world Hello world Hello world Hello world Hello world Hello world Hello world Hello world Hello world Hello world Hello world Hello world Hello world Hello world Hello world Hello world Hello world Hello world Hello world Hello world Hello world Hello world Hello world Hello world Hello world Hello world Hello world Hello world Hello world Hello world Hello world Hello world Hello world world Hello world Hello world Hello world Hello world Hello world Hello world Hello world Hello world Hello world Hello world Hello world Hello world Hello world Hello world Hello world Hello world Hello world Hello world Hello world Hello world Hello world Hello world Hello world Hello world Hello world Hello world Hello world Hello world Hello world Hello world Hello world Hello world Hello world Hello world Hello world Hello world Hello world Hello world Hello wor ld Hello world Hello world Hello world Hello world lo world Hello world Hello world Hello world Hello world Hello world Hello world Hello world Hello world Hello world Hello world Hello world Hello world Hello world Hello world Hello world Hello world Hello world Hello world Hello world Hello world Hello world Hello world Hello world Hello world Hello world Hello world Hello world Hello world Hello world Hello world Hello world Hello world Hello world Hello world Hello world Hello world Hello world Hello world Hello world Hello world Hello world Hello world Hello world Hello world Hello world Hello world Hello world Hello world Hello world Hello world Hello world Hello world Hello world Hello world Hello world Hello world Hello world Hello world Hello world Hello world Hello world Hello world Hello world Hello world Hello world Hello world Hello world Hello world Hello world Hello world Hello world Hello world Hello world Hello world Hello world Hello world Hello world Hello world Hello world Hello world Hello world Hello Hello world Hello world Hello world Hello world Hello world Hello world Hello world Hello world Hello world Hello world Hello world Hello world.   CLASS: M. Sc (Computer Science) Sub: Satellite Communications Introduction: General background, frequency allocations for satellite services, basic satellite system, system design considerations, applications. 2. Satellite Orbits: Introduction, laws governing satellite motion, orbital parameters, orbital perturbations, Doppler effects, geostationary orbit, antenna look angles, antenna mount, limits of visibility, Earth eclipse of satellite, sun transit outage, inclined orbits, sunsynchronous orbit, launching of geostationary satellites. 156 3. Wave Propagation and Polarization: Introduction, atmospheric losses, ionospheric effects, rain attenuation, other impairments, antenna polarization, polarization of satellite signals, cross polarization discrimination, ionospheric depolarization, rain depolarization, ice depolarization. 4. Satellite Antenna: Antenna basics, aperture antennas, parabolic reflectors, offset feed, double reflector antennas, shaped reflector systems. 5. Link Design: Introduction, transmission losses, link power budget equation, system noise, carrier to noise ratio for uplink and downlink, combined uplink and downlink carrier to noise ratio, inter modulation noise 6. Communication Satellites: Introduction, design considerations, lifetime and reliability, spacecraft sub systems, spacecraft mass and power estimations, space segment cost estimates. 7. Earth Stations: Introduction, design considerations, general configuration and characteristics. 8. Multiple Access Techniques: Introduction, FDMA, TDMA, FDMA/TDMA, operation in a multiple beam environment, CDMA, multiple access examples 9. Non Geostationary Orbit Satellite Systems: Introduction, reasons, design considerations, case study, example of systems. 