Removal of Hardness of Water Using Precipitation and Complexation Methods
KWAME NKRUMAH UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
COLLEGE OF
TITLE: REMOVAL OF HARDNESS OF WATER USING PRECIPITATION AND COMPLEXATION METHODS.
NAME: KWARTENG YAW PRINCE COURSE: BSC. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE YEAR: FIRST YEAR EXPERIMENT NO. : A.1.1.3. T.A.: BRIGHT KOFI LEONARD DATE: 7TH NOVEMBER, 2007.
Aims and Objectives: 1. To describe water hardness. 2. To soften hard water in terms of the species involved and the reactions they undergo. 3. To test the effectiveness of the methods.
INTRODUCTION
The experiment seeks to test the effectiveness of the two methods (precipitation and complexation) of separating hard water. Water containing Ca2+ and/or Mg2+ ions is called hard water, and water that is mostly free of these ions is called soft water.
These ions do not pose any health threat, but they can engage in reactions that leave insoluble mineral deposits. These deposits can make hard water unsuitable for many uses, and so a variety of means have been developed to "soften" hard water; i.e., remove the calcium and magnesium ions.
Water can be softened in a number of ways. An automatic water softener connected to water supply pipes removes magnesium and calcium from water and replaces them with sodium. Sodium does not react with soap or detergents. If you don't have an automatic water softener, you can still soften laundry water by adding softeners directly to the wash water. These softeners combine with calcium and magnesium, preventing the minerals from forming a soap scum.
Precipitation: One common type of reaction of reaction that occurs in aqueous solution is the precipitation reaction, which results in the formation of an insoluble product, or precipitate. A precipitate is an insoluble solid that separates from the solution. Precipitation reaction usually involves ionic compounds.
Hard water cations Ca2+, Mg2+
COLLEGE OF
TITLE: REMOVAL OF HARDNESS OF WATER USING PRECIPITATION AND COMPLEXATION METHODS.
NAME: KWARTENG YAW PRINCE COURSE: BSC. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE YEAR: FIRST YEAR EXPERIMENT NO. : A.1.1.3. T.A.: BRIGHT KOFI LEONARD DATE: 7TH NOVEMBER, 2007.
Aims and Objectives: 1. To describe water hardness. 2. To soften hard water in terms of the species involved and the reactions they undergo. 3. To test the effectiveness of the methods.
INTRODUCTION
The experiment seeks to test the effectiveness of the two methods (precipitation and complexation) of separating hard water. Water containing Ca2+ and/or Mg2+ ions is called hard water, and water that is mostly free of these ions is called soft water.
These ions do not pose any health threat, but they can engage in reactions that leave insoluble mineral deposits. These deposits can make hard water unsuitable for many uses, and so a variety of means have been developed to "soften" hard water; i.e., remove the calcium and magnesium ions.
Water can be softened in a number of ways. An automatic water softener connected to water supply pipes removes magnesium and calcium from water and replaces them with sodium. Sodium does not react with soap or detergents. If you don't have an automatic water softener, you can still soften laundry water by adding softeners directly to the wash water. These softeners combine with calcium and magnesium, preventing the minerals from forming a soap scum.
Precipitation: One common type of reaction of reaction that occurs in aqueous solution is the precipitation reaction, which results in the formation of an insoluble product, or precipitate. A precipitate is an insoluble solid that separates from the solution. Precipitation reaction usually involves ionic compounds.
Hard water cations Ca2+, Mg2+