KEYWORDS: glycerol fermentation; Escherichia coli; kinetic
KEYWORDS: glycerol fermentation; Escherichia coli; kinetic
2.0 Chemical BackgroundBiodiesel comprises long-chain fatty acids with an alcohol attached on it and produced through the reaction of a vegetable oil with alcohol in the presence of the catalyst, such as potassium hydroxide or sodium hydroxide called transesterification (Hafman, 2003). The catalyst used to hydrolysis the triglyceride, and alcohols combine with the fatty acid to produce biodiesel (Gorham, 2006). After a complete reaction, the glycerol and ester form two liquid layers and catalyst is removed for reuse.…
Under anaerobic conditions Fermentation is the metabolic pathway that regenerates the supplu of NAD+ for glycolysis…
Escherichia coli is a heterotrophic bacteria that is most commonly found within the small intestines of humans and other animals. This bacteria survives by getting its nutrition through ingesting unused or undigested nutrients in the bowels of its host. If ingested by humans or other mammals, E. coli causes food poisoning and serious infection. There are currently many different strains of E. coli and every living human carries at least one of them in their intestines. Although most strains are harmless there are a few that cause serious ailment. E. coli is a gram negative bacterial cell that consists of a very thin exterior membrane that covers a layer of peptidoglycan and ends with another thin membrane. E. coli is a bacillus or rod shaped, chemoheterotrophic bacteria cell that respires with anaerobic respiration using inorganic materials. E. coli is also a prokaryotic cell that reproduces asexually through binary fission for reproduction instead of meiosis.…
The Figure 4.20 shows the profile growth of Escherichia coli type K-12 which was cultured in 20 g/L of glycerol treated with supplements from a carbon source under anaerobic condition and the medium supplemented with 10 g/L of trypton. About 10% working volume of inoculums were added to the medium for the profile growth process. The effects on growth curves of strains of Escherichia coli were investigated by measuring the concentration of succinic acid produced and its optical density by using HPLC and the spectrophotometer instrument or uv-vis. The optical density, which is measured using a transmission densitometer, is a representation of a material's light blocking ability. The results show that succinic acid production and the optical density…
contaminated fruits or vegetables, as well by drinking raw fruit juices or milk, or sewage…
As stated in the Bio 107 Laboratory Manual, alcohol fermentation in yeast breaks down sugars into carbon dioxide and ethanol which is very important in many fields such as biofuel, industrial,pharmaceutical and others. Amylase is an enzyme that break down starch/amylose in plants. Corn kernel contains starch, sugars and cellulose. This experiment focused on the effect of amylase on corn extract in respect to the rate of fermentation. Since amylase breaks down starch, the part of corn that contains the most starch should have the fastest rate of fermentation and the greatest amount of CO2 produced.…
The Mechanisms by which E.Coli Cells Developed Immunities toward Ampicillin due to Plasmid and DNA Consumption…
In this piece of coursework, there are few amounts of ideas and experiments that I could achieved of which different products to test for my concluding idea. The type of bacteria that I am going to discuss and chosen is E-coli. I will also going to research the effectiveness of antibacterial cleaning products, for instance sanitizer. I will also, research which is the most effective product for the house hold and some other work places.…
The two types of fermentation that are well known are alcoholic fermentation as well as lactic acid fermentation. Fermentation is vital for many organisms, such as yeast and bacteria, because it allows them to obtain energy required to carry on life processes. Alcoholic fermentation is especially important for human beings, as it is used to produce alcoholic beverages, bread, and many other everyday items that are consumed (Alba-Lois, 2010). On the other hand, lactic acid is a waste product of certain bacteria (Lactobacillales), which is utilized to create many dairy products such as yogurt and cheese. In addition, humans can resort to lactic acid fermentation when oxygen is limited, so it is used as an extra source to obtain oxygen. In our experiment we will be using yeast, a single-celled organism that utilizes sugar as a food source, and it produces energy substances through the breakdown of sugar molecules. Specifically, the type of sugar as a source of food, impacts the speed of fermentation in yeast. In this lab, we will calculate the rate of fermentation in yeast with different solutions of sugar, such as sucrose, fructose, and lactose with glucose being the control. It is important to humans that the yeast uses the best sugar source during fermentation, as it creates important everyday items we consume like bread, alcohol, and…
This experiment tested the growth of E.coli with inserted plasmid on an agar plate with Ampicillin. One colony of E.coli resistant to Ampicillin was grown during this experiment. The overall goal of the experiment was to successfully grow E.coli on the agar plate, which would show that the plasmid had been effectively inserted into the bacteria’s genes. This experiment helped students understand how plasmids were inserted into bacteria and used in real life situations. It also showed how the bacteria’s genes can be manipulated and changed to have new traits not usually present in bacteria. The students were able to compare regular E.coli with the E.coli they inserted plasmids into, which gave a better look into how the genes of the bacteria…
There is a natural human tendency to dismiss what we cannot see. This idea is based in evolutionary biology. Throughout most of human history, threats to our survival have been deadly predators . It is only natural then, that we should focus our concern on objects whose importance we can see. For this reason bacteria seem insignificant on the surface, its invisibility marking its lack of precedence as a threat. This is a misconception, because bacteria hold enormous power. It can heal and build, but also cripple and kill. It can produce sustainable fuel, and repair cracked concrete, but it can also destroy our bodies with infections and disease. In the past, we have been subject to bacteria, claiming lives long before we understood how it worked. Only recently has the opportunity arisen to harness the power of bacteria , and use it to solve the greatest…
Ethanol (Alcohol) is a toxin that is quite commonly and regularly consumed by individuals, yet it contains a lot of potential energy when converted to Acetyl CoA. This is an essential component of the Kreb’s (citric acid) cycle and the synthesis of ATP.…
Introduction: This experiment was preformed to study the chiral selectivity of the reduction of the ketone portion of Ethyl acetate to a secondary alcohol. This reaction was enzyme catalyzed with a common batch of baker 's yeast. The reaction conditions of this process are therefore much less harsh and therefore more environmentally friendly. The main focus of this experiment will not be on the inherent "greenness" or the energy considerations of this mechanism versus a comparable method, but instead focus on the stereo-selectivity. The stereo-selectivity of the product using a biological catalyst is important when contrasted to other methods of generating the product. The most common reaction that would mimic the reduction taking place in this experiment is hydride addition using sodium borohydride, NaBH4. Normally an alternative to this oxidizing agent would be lithium aluminum hydride, LiAlH4, however this reagent would also react with the ester portion of our starting reagent. The effect of reducing the ketone via hydride addition is that product is entirely a racemic mixture (McMurry 696). After the initial reaction the product was isolated using a series of vacuum filtrations, ether extractions, and rotorary evaporations, before being analyzed via proton NMR spectroscopy.…
Since we are regular human beings, of course we are going to consume a lot of energy in our lifetime. Most of the energy we consume comes from fossil fuels. Fossil fuels are a nonrenewable resource, and we are using these non-reusable ones uncontrollably. This is why we need to use more renewable resources. A way that we could do that is by the alcoholic fermentation of ethanol. Ethanol is a byproduct in corn, and it is one product that we use in fuel. Alcoholic fermentation is a process in which sugars such as glucose, fructose, and sucrose are turned into cellular energy and then produce ethanol and carbon dioxide as waste products.…
The Escherichia Coli bacterium was discovered in 1885 by bacteriologist Theodor Escherich. He found the bacteria in the human colon and showed that some strains of Escherichia Coli were responsible for infant diarrhea and gastroenteritis. The Escherichia Coli was originally named Bacterium Coli. The name was changed to honor Theodor Escherich. E coli are normally harmless and are part of the normal flora found in the lower intestines of humans and healthy cattle. Some E. coli serotypes are known to cause serious food poisoning in humans.…