Psychology of Reading
Role of Speech in Reading
In earlier days, people would not have questioned that talking in inherently linked to reading - silent reading was rare:
St. Augustine in his "Confessions"
remarks about monk Ambrose to reading without obvious speech
"But while reading, his eyes glanced over the pages, and his heart searched out the sense, but his voice and tongue were silent.
Role of Speech in Reading
Practical importance of this issue -
How do we teach reading
phonics method emphasizes grapheme/phoneme conversions
whole-word method- emphasizes direct connection between the written word as a patttern and its meaning
How do we teach the deaf reader
How do we deal with dialect mismatch
Why Propose Speech Process in Reading
Do you hear your voice or others during reading?
Recording electrical impulses on skin that lies directly over speech muscles (electromyography or EMG)
while reading, these muscles are activated!
Hardyck and Petrinovich 70 study
Used biofeedback to reduce EMG activity in larynx (Adam 's apple)
suppressed EMG activity led to poorer comprehension of difficult material, but not easy material. Why?
Levels of Speech Representation
Phonetic Level
Represented by "Phones" - universal set of speech sounds. Eg., sounds of the letter t ' in Table, little, cat. Subtle differences that we can not readily recognize in the sounds for t ' - thus separate phones needed.
Phonological level represented by phonemes '.- speech sounds that we can actual recognize. So the t ' sound is represented among all sounds for the t ' sound. Overhead162
Levels of Speech Representation
Syllable - smallest segments of speech that can be articulated independently. Usually contains a vowel and a consonant.
Evidence for Speech Coding
Conrad 's effect: harder to memorize similar sounding letters, than different sounding letters.
B,v,t,z,v,z harder to remember than s, t, n, w, q
Using the speech
In earlier days, people would not have questioned that talking in inherently linked to reading - silent reading was rare:
St. Augustine in his "Confessions"
remarks about monk Ambrose to reading without obvious speech
"But while reading, his eyes glanced over the pages, and his heart searched out the sense, but his voice and tongue were silent.
Role of Speech in Reading
Practical importance of this issue -
How do we teach reading
phonics method emphasizes grapheme/phoneme conversions
whole-word method- emphasizes direct connection between the written word as a patttern and its meaning
How do we teach the deaf reader
How do we deal with dialect mismatch
Why Propose Speech Process in Reading
Do you hear your voice or others during reading?
Recording electrical impulses on skin that lies directly over speech muscles (electromyography or EMG)
while reading, these muscles are activated!
Hardyck and Petrinovich 70 study
Used biofeedback to reduce EMG activity in larynx (Adam 's apple)
suppressed EMG activity led to poorer comprehension of difficult material, but not easy material. Why?
Levels of Speech Representation
Phonetic Level
Represented by "Phones" - universal set of speech sounds. Eg., sounds of the letter t ' in Table, little, cat. Subtle differences that we can not readily recognize in the sounds for t ' - thus separate phones needed.
Phonological level represented by phonemes '.- speech sounds that we can actual recognize. So the t ' sound is represented among all sounds for the t ' sound. Overhead162
Levels of Speech Representation
Syllable - smallest segments of speech that can be articulated independently. Usually contains a vowel and a consonant.
Evidence for Speech Coding
Conrad 's effect: harder to memorize similar sounding letters, than different sounding letters.
B,v,t,z,v,z harder to remember than s, t, n, w, q
Using the speech
Links: • Sulin and Dooling (1974). Participants read: "Gerald Martin strove to undermine the existing • Johnson (1970) showed that subjects are more likely to recall information that had • Cirilo and Foss (1980) manipulated the importance of the SAME sentence in two different texts ( 'he could no longer talk at all ') – Found longer reading time and better recall when it was important. 3. Linguistic links in text • Reinhart (1980) suggested the following criteria [Ann Landers, Vancouver Sun, 1978; quoted by Hirst, 1981] 3