Production of Penicillin Through Fermentation
Abstract:
Antibiotics are among the most frequently prescribed medications in modern medicine. Antibiotics cure disease by killing bacteria and keeping them from reproducing. Penicillin was the first antibiotic, discovered accidentally from a mold culture. Presently, over 100 different antibiotics are available in the market to cure minor discomforts as well as lifethreatening infections. Antibiotics are very useful in a wide variety of infections, but they only treat bacterial infections. Antibiotics are useless against viral infections (for example, the common cold) and fungal infections (such as ringworm).
Introduction:
Penicillin is a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin is a historically significant drug being the first antibiotic discovered. Penicillin is a Betalactam antibiotic and is used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. Figure1: Core structure of Penicillin: R-C9H11N2O4S
History:
In September 1928, Alexander Fleming accidentally discovered penicillin when he was engaged in studying different kinds of bacteria and molds in his laboratory. He once opened one of his Petri dishes for a few seconds to smear it with a strain of staphylococcus which is a bacterium that typically occurs in clusters resembling grapes. Fleming noticed a halo of inhibition of bacterial growth around a contaminant blue-green mold staphylococcus plate culture. He concluded that the mold was releasing a substance that was inhibiting bacterial growth and lysing the bacteria. He grew a pure culture of the mold and discovered that it was a penisillium mold, now known to be penicillium notatum. He then demionstrated that this material had powerful antimicrobial properties and named the product penicillin. Fleming carefully preserved the culture, but the discovery lay essentially dormant for over a decade. World War 2 provided the impetus to resurrect the discovery. The development of penicillin for
Antibiotics are among the most frequently prescribed medications in modern medicine. Antibiotics cure disease by killing bacteria and keeping them from reproducing. Penicillin was the first antibiotic, discovered accidentally from a mold culture. Presently, over 100 different antibiotics are available in the market to cure minor discomforts as well as lifethreatening infections. Antibiotics are very useful in a wide variety of infections, but they only treat bacterial infections. Antibiotics are useless against viral infections (for example, the common cold) and fungal infections (such as ringworm).
Introduction:
Penicillin is a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin is a historically significant drug being the first antibiotic discovered. Penicillin is a Betalactam antibiotic and is used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. Figure1: Core structure of Penicillin: R-C9H11N2O4S
History:
In September 1928, Alexander Fleming accidentally discovered penicillin when he was engaged in studying different kinds of bacteria and molds in his laboratory. He once opened one of his Petri dishes for a few seconds to smear it with a strain of staphylococcus which is a bacterium that typically occurs in clusters resembling grapes. Fleming noticed a halo of inhibition of bacterial growth around a contaminant blue-green mold staphylococcus plate culture. He concluded that the mold was releasing a substance that was inhibiting bacterial growth and lysing the bacteria. He grew a pure culture of the mold and discovered that it was a penisillium mold, now known to be penicillium notatum. He then demionstrated that this material had powerful antimicrobial properties and named the product penicillin. Fleming carefully preserved the culture, but the discovery lay essentially dormant for over a decade. World War 2 provided the impetus to resurrect the discovery. The development of penicillin for
References: Bioprocess Engineering Basic Concepts; Michael L. Shuler and Fikret Kargi, Second Edition http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penicillin http://www.sciencedirect.com http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1057142/?page=1 http://www.freepatentsonline.com/2482938.pdf http://itech.dickinson.edu/chemistry/?p=105 http://www.springerlink.com/content/m1g0336k56wwjp08/ http://www.gbanalysts.com/Reading%20Room/Situation%20Analysis/EnergyTechAnalysis/r xtordesignbfr.html 5