Probation and Parole
1. What did Cesare Beccaria, the Enlightenment thinker, mean when he said that a punishment should fit the crime?
A The severity of punishment should parallel the severity of the harm resulting from the crime.
B The punishment should be severe enough to outweigh the pleasure obtained from the crime (such as the material gain from committing a robbery).
2. What reforms in penal institutions did John Howard advocate in his book The State of the Prisons in England and Wales (1777)?
A Penal environments should be made safe, humane, and orderly.
B Incarceration should not only punish inmates, but also instill discipline and promote reform.
C Prisons should provide an orderly institutional routine of religious teaching, hard work, and solitary confinement to promote introspection and penance.
3. What is generally considered the first state prison in the United States, and of what did the daily routine of inmates in this prison consist?
The first state prison in the United States was actually called a jail—the Walnut Street Jail of Philadelphia, which was a holding facility converted into a prison.
Inmates daily routine consisted of:
A Laboring in solitary cells, doing handicraft work
B Receiving large doses of religious teaching
C Reflecting on their misdeeds
4. How did the Pennsylvania system of confinement differ from the Auburn system of confinement, and which system became the model followed by other states?
The Pennsylvania system, as noted above, focused on solitary confinement in which inmates performed handicraft work, studied religious writings, and reflected on their misdeeds. The Auburn system (also called the New York system, the silent system, and the congregate system) focused on inmates working and eating together, then returning to solitary cells in the evening.
The Auburn system prevailed for three reasons:
A The Pennsylvania system of solitary confinement created harmful psychological effects, such as insanity.
A The severity of punishment should parallel the severity of the harm resulting from the crime.
B The punishment should be severe enough to outweigh the pleasure obtained from the crime (such as the material gain from committing a robbery).
2. What reforms in penal institutions did John Howard advocate in his book The State of the Prisons in England and Wales (1777)?
A Penal environments should be made safe, humane, and orderly.
B Incarceration should not only punish inmates, but also instill discipline and promote reform.
C Prisons should provide an orderly institutional routine of religious teaching, hard work, and solitary confinement to promote introspection and penance.
3. What is generally considered the first state prison in the United States, and of what did the daily routine of inmates in this prison consist?
The first state prison in the United States was actually called a jail—the Walnut Street Jail of Philadelphia, which was a holding facility converted into a prison.
Inmates daily routine consisted of:
A Laboring in solitary cells, doing handicraft work
B Receiving large doses of religious teaching
C Reflecting on their misdeeds
4. How did the Pennsylvania system of confinement differ from the Auburn system of confinement, and which system became the model followed by other states?
The Pennsylvania system, as noted above, focused on solitary confinement in which inmates performed handicraft work, studied religious writings, and reflected on their misdeeds. The Auburn system (also called the New York system, the silent system, and the congregate system) focused on inmates working and eating together, then returning to solitary cells in the evening.
The Auburn system prevailed for three reasons:
A The Pennsylvania system of solitary confinement created harmful psychological effects, such as insanity.