Pmsg based wind power generation

PMSG BASED STANDALONE WIND POWER
GENERATION

Project report submitted in Partial fulfilment of the requirement for the award of the
Bachelors Degree by
JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY-Kakinada
In the Department of
Electrical and Electronics Engineering
SUBMITTED BY
I.LAKSHMU NAIDU
(Reg.No.09341A0235)

D.NAVYAVANI
(Reg.No.09341A0221)

K.LAKSHMI
(Reg.No.09341A0248)

A.KARTHIK
(Reg.No.09341A0204)
Under the guidance of
Mr.M.RAMBABU
Sr. Assistant Professor
Dept. of EEE
GMRIT

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
G.M.R.INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
(Affiliated to Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Kakinada, A.P)
Accredited by NAAC A & NBA, ISO 9001:2008 certified
G.M.R. Nagar, Rajam-532 127, A.P
APRIL-2013

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering
G.M.R. INSTITUTE of TECHNOLOGY
G.M.R.NAGAR, RAJAM

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the project report entitled “PMSG BASED STANDALONE
WIND POWER GENERATION ” that is being submitted by I.LAKHSMU NAIDU,
D.NAVYAVANI,K.LAKSHMI,A.KARTHIK in partial fulfilment for the award of

B.Tech

degree in Electrical and Electronics Engineering to the Jawaharlal Nehru Technological
University is a record of bonafide work carried out under our guidance and supervision.
The results embodied in this report have not been submitted to any other University or
Institute for the award of any degree or diploma.

Mr. M.RAMBABU

Dr. P. KANTA RAO

Sr.Assistant Professor

Professor,HOD

Dept. of EEE

Dept. of EEE

GMRIT,

GMRIT,

Rajam .

Rajam.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We are very much grateful to our Project Guide Sri. M.RAMBABU,
Sr.Assistant professor in Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering,
GMRIT, Rajam for his help, guidance and patience he rendered to us in the completion of our project successfully.

We are glad to express our sincere thanks and respect to our Head of the
Department Dr. P. KANTA RAO, for supporting us in our project.

We extend our sincere gratitude to our Principal, Dr. C.L.V.R.S.V PRASAD who has made the atmosphere so easy to work.

Last but not the least; we thank the lab authorities and staff members of Electrical and Electronics Department and everyone else who extended their help and guidance in the completion of our project.

Sincerely
Project Associates
I.Lakshmu Naidu (09341A0235)
D.Navyavani (09341A0221)
K.Lakshmi (09341A0248)
A.Karthik(09341A0204)

ABSTRACT
Renewable energy technologies offer the promise of clean, abundant energy gathered from self-renewing resources such as the sun, wind, water, earth and plants.
Increased population growth and economic development are accelerating the rate at which energy, and in particular electrical energy is being demanded. All methods of electrical generation have consequences for the environment, so meeting this growth in demand, while safeguarding the environment poses a growing challenge. Each of the renewable energy technologies is in a different stage of research, development and commercialization and all have differences in current and future expected costs, current industrial base, resource availability, and potential impact on greenhouse gas emissions. Today, wind turbines have to compete with many other energy sources.
Therefore, it is important that they should be cost effective. They need to meet any load requirements and produce

energy at

a

minimum

cost.

Performance

characteristics such as power output versus wind speed or versus rotor angular velocity must be optimized to compete with other energy sources.
The main objective of this project is to develop a wind power generating system with variable speed and fixed speed wind turbines using a permanent magnet synchronous generator where the turbine and the generator are connected through a drive train and a pitch angle controller is used to control the output power. The permanent magnet synchronous generators have the advantages that they do not require an external D.C supply for excitation which differentiates them from other type of generators. The pitch angle controller is designed using a P.I controller.

CONTENTS

1.Introduction ...................................................................................................................... 2
1.1 Brief History.............................................................................................................. 2
1.2 Project Overview ....................................................................................................... 3
2.Status Of Wind Energy In India....................................................................................... 6
2.1 Wind Energy In India ................................................................................................ 6
2.1.1 Renewable Energy In The 12th Five-Year Plan [2012-2017] ............................. 7
2.2 Wind Power Resource Assessment ........................................................................... 7
2.3 Wind Power Installations By State............................................................................ 8
2.4 Offshore Wind Power Development ......................................................................... 9
2.5 Repowering Potential .............................................................................................. 10
3.Physics Of Wind Energy ................................................................................................ 12
3.1 Energy Content In Wind .......................................................................................... 12
3.2 How Windmills Deflect The Wind .......................................................................... 12
3.2.1 The Air Pressure Distribution In Front And Behind The Rotor ...................... 13
3.2.2 The Power Of The Wind: Cube Of Wind Speed .............................................. 13
3.3 Betz' Law ................................................................................................................. 14
3.3.1 The Ideal Braking Of The Wind ....................................................................... 14
3.4 Components Of A Wind Energy Converter............................................................. 15
3.4.1 Rotor Blades ..................................................................................................... 16
3.4.2 Gearbox ............................................................................................................ 17
3.4.3 Generator .......................................................................................................... 17
3.4.4 Tower ................................................................................................................ 18
3.4.5 Miscellaneous Parts .......................................................................................... 20
4.Blade Theory.................................................................................................................. 23
4.1 Actuator Disc Concept ............................................................................................ 23
4.2 Turbine Aerodynamics ............................................................................................ 25

4.3 Wind Turbine Blade Aerodynamics ........................................................................ 26
4.3.1 Wind Turbine Blade.......................................................................................... 27
4.3.2 Number Of Blades ............................................................................................ 28
4.3.3 How Blades Capture Wind Power .................................................................... 28
5.System Analysis ............................................................................................................. 31
5.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................. 31
5.2 Wind Turbine .......................................................................................................... 32
5.3 Drive Train (Turbine And Gear Box) ..................................................................... 34
5.4 Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator ............................................................ 36
5.4.1 Advantages Of Synchronous Generator ........................................................... 36
5.4.2 Pmsg Modeling ................................................................................................. 37
5.5 Pitch Angle Controller ............................................................................................ 40
6.Modeling Of The System ............................................................................................... 42
6.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................. 42
6.2 Wind Generation Unit ............................................................................................. 43
6.3 Modeling Of The Drive Train ................................................................................. 43
6.4 Pitch Angle Controller ............................................................................................ 44
7.Simulation Of The Model And Analysis Of The Results .............................................. 46
7.1 Result For Variable Wind Speed............................................................................. 46
7.2 Result For Fixed Wind Speed ................................................................................. 48
Conclusion And Future Scope .......................................................................................... 51
References ......................................................................................................................... 52
Appendix ........................................................................................................................... 54

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure

Name

Page No.

1.1

Windmill of 1888

2

2.1

India: cumulative wind installation (mw

6

2.2

Wind farm in Kapatgudda, Karnataka

10

3.1

Rotor air pressure

13

3.2

Stream tube

14

3.3

Components of a wind turbine

15

3.4

Rotor blade of a wind turbine

16

3.5

Gear box in wind turbine

17

3.6

Wind turbine generator

18

3.7

Scaffolding Pole Wind Turbine Tower with Guy Wires

19

3.8

Free Standing Wind Turbine Towers

19

3.9

Tilt-Up Wind Turbine Towers

20

3.10

Cup type anemometers with vertical axis

21

4.1

Stream tube generated through wind turbine

23

4.2

Actuator disc model of a wind turbine

24

4.3

Aerodynamic lift of a wind turbine

26

4.4

Classification of blades

27

4.5

Lift and drag vectors

28

5.1

Block diagram

31

5.2

Wind turbine

32

5.3

Swept area

33

5.4

Gear box

34

5.5

Gear box model

36

5.6

D-q and α-β axis of a typical PMSG

37

5.7

Pitch angle controller

40

6.1

Complete block diagram

42

6.2

Wind generation unit

43

6.3

Drive train unit

43

6.4

Pitch angle controller

44

6.5

PI controller

44

7.1

Cp Vs λ

46

7.2

Mechanical torque for variable wind speed

46

7.3

Electrical torque for variable wind speed

46

7.4

Mechanical speed for variable wind speed

47

7.5

Line-to line voltage for variable wind speed

47

7.6

Line current for variable wind speed

47

7.7

A.C. power output for variable wind speed

48

7.8

Pitch angle Vs time

48

7.9

Mechanical torque for fixed wind speed

48

7.10

Electrical torque for fixed wind speed

49

7.11

Mechanical speed for fixed wind speed

49

7.12

Line-to line voltage for fixed wind speed

49

7.13

Line current for fixed wind speed

50

7.14

A.C. power output for fixed wind speed

50

LIST OF TABLES

Table

Name

Page No.

2.1

Wind power installations state wise

9

LIST OF ABBREVATIONS

PMSG

Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator

MNRE

Ministry of New and Renewable Energy

LBNL

Lawrence Berkley National Laboratory

CAGR

Compound Annual Growth Rate

CEA

Central Electricity Authority

SCI

Scottish Development International

CWET

Centre of Wind Energy Technology

1

INTRODUCTION
1.1 Brief history
There is a river Zaan in Netherlands. The people who lived along its banks, and who had grown rich through trade and fishing, built their first windmills around 1600, AD initially, they used the wind to keep their feet dry, but later on they used it to develop an entire industrial area.
Barley, paper, rice, wood, cooking oil, mustard, tobacco, hemp and many other products were processed in 1000 windmills in the Zaan area.

Figure 1.1 Windmill of 1888
It is the wind, a rather capricious source of energy that makes our windmills work. The speed of the windmills is regulated by means of sails and boards. Only the cap with its sails is turned to face the wind by means of the capstan wheel at the bottom of the tail pole. The horizontal rotary motion of the sails is converted into vertical rotary motion by the brake wheel
2

and the walkover in order to power the machinery on the floor below. The brake wheel is surrounded by a wooden brake, which makes it possible to stop the mill from turning. About ten years ago, the production and sale of antique paints and dyes were resumed. The Zaan area windmill is probably the last wind-powered dye-mill in the world that had made the Zaan district the oldest industrial area of the world. It was built for future generations.
As we are on the threshold of a new millennium, it seems clear that on the face of increasing economic activity and of constantly rising demand for energy to an era, when energy costs are bound to rise, the pressure on oil and coal will become more and more acute. The energy supply and consumption patterns of the year 2009 and beyond are pronounced today.
India‟s per capita energy consumption, though very low compared to global standards, has been rising rapidly. The energy demand has consistently outstripped the supply, resulting in permanent shortage of petroleum products, electricity and quality coal.

1.2 Project overview
The windmill also called as the wind turbine is a means of exploitation of kinetic energy of the wind and converting it into electrical energy using an electrical generator.
The windmills can be divided into two essential parts:
1. How to obtain the wind energy. To realize this task we have to use a turbine.
There are two options for the turbine, vertical axis and horizontal axis. The horizontal axis wind turbine is the most often used one.
2. How we convert kinetic energy into electrical energy. To make this there exist two different approaches, fixed speed and variable speed. In our project we analyzed the system for both variable speed and fixed speed.
In this project we used a permanent magnet synchronous generator connected to the turbine through a drive train. The wind power generated is standalone type where the output power of the generator is directly fed to a load. A pitch angle controller is used to vary the pitch to get maximum power output from the generator. The drive train is modeled using two mass model where the turbine and the generator shaft are connected through it. A P.I controller is used in the pitch angle controller. 3

Following discussion will help to take an overview of the next chapters:
 2nd chapter includes the status of wind energy in India.
 3rd chapter gives a brief explanation of physics of wind energy.
 4th chapter is about blade theory.
 5th chapter gives the analysis of the system.
 6th chapter is about modeling of the system in MALTAB.
 7th chapter gives the simulation results.

4

5

STATUS OF WIND ENERGY IN INDIA
2.1 Wind energy in India
In 2012, despite a slowing global economy, India‟s electricity demand continued to rise.
Electricity shortages are common, and over 40% of the population has no access to modern energy services. India‟s electricity demand is projected to more than triple between 2005 and 2030. In the recently released National electricity Plan (2012) the Central electricity Authority projected the need for 350-360 GW of total generation capacity by 2022. Despite major capacity additions over recent decades, power supply struggles to keep up with demand.
India had another record year of new wind energy installations between January and
December 2011, installing more than 3 GW of new capacity for the first time to reach a total of
16,084 MW. As of march 2012, renewable energy accounted for 12.2 percent of total installed capacity, up from 2 percent in 1995. Wind power accounts for about 70 percent of this installed capacity. By the end of August 2012, wind power installations in India had reached 17.9 GW
Under the New Policies Scenario of the World energy outlook (2011), total power capacity in India would reach 779 GW in 2035. To reach 779 GW in 2035, capacity must grow at a CAGR of 5.9 percent, or over 20 GW per year from 2009 through 2035. The largest addition per year up to now was nearly 18 GW during fiscal year 2011-2012; this scale of expansion could pose a challenge for the government [IEA, 2012] without a significant role for renewables. During fiscal year 2011-2012 wind energy alone delivered over 3GW to India‟s new installed capacity, accounting for over 16.5 percent of total new installed capacity.

Figure 2.1 India: cumulative wind installation (mw)

6

2.1.1 Renewable energy in the 12th five-year plan [2012-2017]
Historically, wind energy has met and often exceeded the targets set for it under both the 10
Plan (2002-2007) and 11th Plan (2007-2012) periods. During the 10th Plan period the target set was of 1,500 MW whereas the actual installations were 5,427 MW. Similarly during the 11 th Plan period the revised target was for 9,000 MW and the actual installations were much higher at 10,260
MW.
The report of the sub-group for wind power development appointed by the ministry of New and renewable energy to develop the approach paper for the 12th Plan period (April 2012 to march
2017) fixed a reference target of 15,000 MW in new capacity additions, and an aspirational target of 25,000 MW. Importantly the report recommends the continuation of the Generation based
Incentive scheme during the 12th Plan period. The report also prioritized the issue of transmission, which was a weak link in the value chain until now. A joint working group of the MNRE, the ministry of Power, the Central electricity Authority and the Power Grid Corporation of India is looking at this issue.
However, for India to reach its potential and to boost the necessary investment in renewable energy it will be essential to introduce comprehensive, stable and long-term support policies, carefully designed to ensure that they operate in harmony with existing state level mechanisms so as to avoid reducing their effectiveness.

2.2 Wind power resource assessment
Presently, India has an installed power generation capacity of a little over 207.8 GW, of which renewables account for about 25 GW, and wind makes up a majority of this installed capacity. In 2011 the state-run Centre for Wind Energy Technology reassessed India‟s wind power potential as 102,778 MW at 80 meters height at 2% land availability, up from the earlier estimate of approximate 49,130 MW at 50 meters, also at 2% land availability. If the estimated potential of
102 GW were fully developed, wind would provide only about 8 percent of the projected electricity demand in 2022 and 5 percent in 2032 [LBNL 2012].
Over the past year other research organizations have estimated wind potential using differing models for mapping the wind resource. In one such study conducted by the Lawrence
Berkeley National Laboratory, assuming a turbine density of 9 MW/km2, the total wind potential in
India with a minimum capacity factor of 20 percent ranges from 2,006 GW at 80-meter hub height to 3,121 GW at 120-meter hub-height [LBNL 2012].
7

These research studies need ground level validation through long-term wind measurements at 80 and 120-meter hub height. Nevertheless their findings may have a significant impact on
India‟s renewable energy strategy as it attempts to cope with a substantial and chronic shortage of electricity. In a positive development the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE), has now signed a memorandum of Understanding with the Lawrence Berkeley Lab to collaborate on several issues related to the estimation of wind resource potential and grid integration.

2.3 Wind power installations by state
Historically, the States of Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Maharashtra and Gujarat have been the leaders in terms of total wind installations. The States of Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh and Kerala are quickly catching up. By the end of the 11th Plan period in March of 2012, the total installed capacity had reached a total of 17,351.6 MW.
Interestingly more than 95 percent of the nation‟s wind energy development to date is concentrated in just five states in southern and western India – Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh,
Karnataka, Maharashtra, and Gujarat [LBNL, 2012]. These five states accounted for over 85% of the total installed capacity at the end of the last plan period. Rajasthan is another emerging State with rising wind turbine installations.

States

Annual installations(MW)

Cumulative installation(MW)

Andhra Pradesh

54.1

245.5

Gujarat

789.9

2996.3

Karnataka

206.7

1933.5

Kerala

0

35.1

Madhya Pradesh

100.5

376.4

8

Maharashtra

416.75

2733.3

Rajasthan

545.7

2070.7

Tamil Nadu

1083.5

6987.6

Others

0

3.2

Total

3197.15

17351.6

Table 2.1 wind power installations state wise

2.4 Offshore wind power development
India has a long coastline of over 7500 kilometers. In April 2012, the Ministry for New and
Renewable Energy constituted an offshore Wind energy Steering Committee under the chairmanship of the Secretary, MNRE, to drive offshore wind power development in India in a planned manner.
The Government is looking to prepare a time-bound action plan for development of offshore wind energy, especially in the coastal states of Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Maharashtra,
Orissa, Kerala, Karnataka, West Bengal and Tamil Nadu. A policy and guidelines for offshore wind are likely to be announced by the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy in the near future.
The State of Tamil Nadu is likely to take a lead in harnessing its offshore wind resources and is in the process of installing a 100-metre mast for wind measurements in Dhanushkodi.
According to C-WET, as per the preliminary assessment conducted by the Scottish Development
International (SCI), Tamil Nadu has a potential of about 1 GW in the north of Rameswaram and another 1 GW in the south of Kanyakumari. SCI, under the guidance of Centre for Wind Energy
Technology conducted a detailed survey of the region to assess various parameters required for installing offshore wind farms. The technical feasibility study looked at offshore wind energy potential in favorable areas in the southern Peninsula and Kutch region in Gujarat. In a recent study conducted by WISE, the offshore wind potential of Tamil Nadu has been estimated as 127 GW at
80 m height, which will need further validation.

9

2.5 Repowering potential
Commercial wind power generation in India began in 1986. Many of the older low-capacity
(