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Peran Parpol Dlm Demokrasi

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Peran Parpol Dlm Demokrasi
PERAN PARPOL DALAM DEMOKRASI DAN PEMENUHAN KEBUTUHAN RAKYAT
Oleh: Asep Nurjaman

Pendahuluan
Setelah lengser Presiden Soeharto proses demokratisasi berkembang pesat seiring dengan reformasi yang terus dilakukan dari tahun 1988 sampai sekarang. Hal yang paling menarik adalah reformasi di bidang kepartaian, dimana selama Orde Baru partai dibatasi hanya tiga partai yaitu partai Persatuan Pembangunan (PPP), Partai Golkar, dan partai Demokrasi Indonesia. Pasca Orde Baru (era reformasi), partai peserta pemilu diberi kebebasan sepanjang memenuhi persyaratan yang telah ditentukan. Hampir 140 partai lebih terdaftar setelah tujuh bulan Presiden Habibie berkuasa, dan kemudian hanya 48 partai yang dapat ikut dalam pemilu Juni 1999. Dari ke 48 partai yang ikut dalam pemilu, hanya 21 partai saja yang mendapatkan kursi di Parlemen (DPR). Dari 21 partai yang mendapatkan kursi di Parlemen, hanya ada enam partai saja yang mendapatkan suara minimal 3 % yaitu partai Demokrasi Indonesia Perjuangan (PDIP), Partai Golkar, Partai Kebangkitan bangsa (PKB), partai Persatuan Pembangunan (PPP), Partai Amanat Nasional (PAN), dan Partai Bulan Bintang (PBB). Sementara ke 42 partai tidak dapat mememenuhi batas batas minimal perolehan suara sehingga mereka harus meleburkan diri dengan partai lain atau membuat partai baru. Namun demikian, munculnya beragam partai baru belum diikuti dengan kinerja partai politik yang baik. Hal ini ditunjukan dengan tidak berjalannya fungsi organisasi, dimana partai politik hanya dikendalikan oleh sekelompok elit parpol baik yang ada di pusat maupun di daerah. Kondisi keparpolan di Indonesia seperti ini, juga diungkapkan oleh Grayson Lloyd dan Shannon Smith: …..most of the major parties are not, to quote the 1999 statute, ‘in the hand of the people’ but rather are controlled by small numbers of elites, both at the national and local levels. Major parties tend to have poor internal communications: branches generally receive scant information about policy issues or

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