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Parents Are the Primary Cause of Disturbed and Disturbing Behaviour in Their Children

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Parents Are the Primary Cause of Disturbed and Disturbing Behaviour in Their Children
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‘Parents are the primary cause of disturbed and disturbing behaviour in their children’ this essay will look at evidence for and against this claim. It will start by explaining the meaning of the phrase ‘disturbed and ‘disturbing behaviour’ and then move on to explain the role that parents play in the cause of ‘disturbed’ or ‘disturbing’ behaviour within their children. In the past theorists would have agreed with this phrase, having good evidence to support their theories. Nevertheless this is now considered by many to be a naive view of a child’s development. The essay will look at three different models, the medical model, the social environment model and the transactional model. It will conclude by looking at the role of the child in the process and looking at whether there is conclusive evidence to support this claim.

There is a large minority of children who find certain circumstances difficult to adjust to and because of this; their behaviour is considered by others to be difficult, withdrawn, disturbed or even bizarre. Parents of these children may describe them as being ‘hard to manage’, ‘demanding’, and ‘aggressive’. People who work with these children for example teachers or health care workers could consider them to have ‘behavioural problems’.
The expression ‘disturbed’ and ‘disturbing behaviour’ is very unclear, it can have several meanings at one time. One suggestion could be that the child is the victim of incompetent or abusive parenting. Then another suggestion is that the child is the cause of the problem with behaviour that needs to be contained.
What is meant by a ‘problem’? ‘Childhood signs of psychological abnormality are, by and large, manifestations of behavioural, cognitive and emotional responses common to all children. Their quality of being dysfunctional lies in their inappropriate intensity, frequency and persistence (Herbert, 1991, p.13).
Children are said to present problems when their behaviour falls



References: Bor,W., Brennan, P. A., Williams G. M., Najman, J. M. and O’Callaghan, M. (2003) ‘A mothers attitude towards her infant and child behaviour 5 years later’, Australia and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, vol. 37, pp. 748-55. Bell, R. Q. (1968) ‘A reinterpretation of the direction of effect in studies of socialisation’, Psychological Review, vol.75, pp. 81-95. Cox, A. D., Puckering, C., Bond, A. and Mills, M. (1987) ‘The impact of maternal depression in young children’, Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, vol. 28 pp. 917-28. DeKlyen, M., Speltz, M. L. and Greenberg, M.T. (1998) ‘Fathering and early onset conduct problems: positive and negative parenting, father-son attachment and the marital context’, Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, vol. 1, pp. 3-21. Garver, D. L. (1997) ‘The etiologic heterogeneity of schizophrenia’, Harvard Review Psychiatry, vol. 4, pp. 317-27. Greenberg, M. T., Speltz, M. L. and Deklynen, M. (1993) ‘The role of attachment in the early development of disruptive behaviour problems’. Development and Psychopathology, vol. 5, pp. 191-213. Herbert, M, (1991) Clinical Child Psychology, Chichester, Wiley. Halligan, S. L., Herbert, J., Goodyer, I. M. and Murray, L. (2004) ‘Exposure to postnatal depression predicts elevated cortisol in adolescent offspring’, Biological Psychiatry, vol. 55, pp. 376-81. Jaffee, S. R., Moffitt, T. E., Caspi, A. and Taylor, A. (2003) ‘Life with (or without) father: the benefits of living with two biological parents depend on the father’s antisocial behaviour’, Child Development, vol. 74, pp. 109-26. Margolin, G. and Gordis, E. B. (2000) ‘The effects of family and community violence on children’, Annual Review of Psychology, vol. 51, pp.445-79. Murray, L. (1992) ‘The impact of post-natal depression on infant development’, Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, vol. 33, pp.543-61. Murray, L. and Stein, A. (1991) ‘The effects of postnatal depression on mother-infant relations and infant development’ in Woodhead, M., Carr, R. and Light, P. (eds) Becoming a Person, London, Routledge. Scott, S. (1998) ‘ Aggressive behaviour in childhood’, British Medical Journal, vol. 316, pp. 202-6. Sears, R. R., Maccoby, E. F. and Levin, H. (1957) Patterns of Child Rearing, Evanston, IL, Row Peterson. Sund, A. M. and Wichstrom, L. (2002) ‘Insecure attachment as a risk factor for future depressive symptoms in early adolescence’, Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescence Psychiatry, vol. 41, pp. 1478-85. Wakschlag, L. S. and Hans, S. L. (1999) ‘Relation of maternal responsiveness during infancy to the development of behaviour problems in high-risk youth’, Developmental Psychology, vol. 35, pp. 569-79.

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