Let’s begin with Mount St. Helens which is located in the pacific northwest of the United States. To be more specific it is located in Washington State and is a part of the Cascade mountain range that spans from California to Canada. It is a composite volcano, which has steep sides that are formed by alternating layers of lava flow, and pyroclastic material made up of ash and other debris. These types of volcanoes have a tendency to have very explosive eruptions and pose a great many problems for people and animals nearby1. This is in contrast to the volcanoes found in Hawaii which have slow flowing lava eruptions and few if any massive explosions. Mount St. Helens is formed by a subduction zone where the Juan de Fuca Plate plunges beneath the North American Plate causing the uplifting of the Cascade Mountains. The last eruption took place on May 18, 1980 and had such a force that was compared to 500 Hiroshima atomic bombs going off at once2. Once the explosion went off, it lead to a blast that generated a 2.8km3 mud flow that moved 22 miles at a speed of 157 miles per hour. Many studies have been done that show there is a large rotating block under it which causes friction that was likely the cause of the eruption2. When Mount St. Helens exploded when a 5.1 magnitude earthquake went off one mile below the volcano causing the bulge that had been building for months after the collapse of the summit, to suddenly collapse on the north flank. The mudflow and lava that would follow would kill many animals and 57 people. They do not know when it will erupt…
(2012). Volcanoes and Volcanic Hazards. In Essentials of Geology (11th ed., p. 104, 105). Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Pearson Prentice Hall.…
When focused on the history of Mount Kilauea ’s eruptions, it is found that eruptions are either found on the summit or along the East and Southwest rifts that are found on the volcano. The recent eruptions that Kilauea has had have been very continuous and many of the lava flows…
A volcano is an earth hazard that occurs on faults between tectonic plates on a destructive boundary and an eruption is a natural disaster. A primary impact happens immediately after the disaster and before any response like death or collapsing or destruction of buildings. A secondary impact occurs later after the disaster, such less farm produce or a reduction in tourism. The severity of these impacts will differ considerably in a MEDC and LEDC where volcanic eruptions have taken place. These may be seen in the Mount St. Helen volcano eruption as well as in the Iceland volcanic eruption. They may also show that the impacts vary from volcano to volcano, place to place.…
Lava flows are commonly found in Iceland and Hawaii. They can be halted by spraying cold water on them (Heimaey, Iceland) but most of unstoppable. In 1990 a lava flow from Puu Oo crater in Hawaii buried the village of Kalapana. When they can’t be stopped they create millions of dollars in damage and severe loss of life. After the primary hazards can come more hazards that are triggered by the volcanic eruption.…
There are several causes of volcanic eruptions. When magma forces its way up to the crust of the earth, this causes an eruption (Langley,2006). Therefore, the more scientists learn about magma, the more they learn about eruptions. During certain eruptions, up to 1.5 million tons of lava can be spewed per second(Heenan,2014). This shows scientists how dangerous volcanoes can be. Debris and smoke shoot out of the volcano right before it erupts (A+E network,2010). It would seem that this is enough warning that the volcano is going to erupt.…
Analyse the factors that cause differences in the hazards caused by volcanoes around the world (40 marks)…
To what extent can preparedness and planning mitigate the effects of volcanic hazards? (40 marks)…
On 2nd May 2008, the Chaiten volcano in Chile erupted for the first time in around 9400 years. In this case as the volcano was dormant for such a long period and was located in a remote area with a low population density the Chilean…
The most recent eruptive period was in the 1980’s. Due to USGS (United States Geological Survey) geologists observations of a large bulge measuring 140m on the north face of the volcano. Using modern laser and radar technology they were able to track the movements of this bulge in order to predict when the volcano was in danger of erupting from a an observation tower 6 miles away. With this data collected the authorities were convinced to shut off the volcano to the local populations who make use of the volcano’s fertile soil for a large logging business and many recreational users who walk dogs or come to enjoy the views. As will be shown later, the shutting of the volcano saved many local thousands of tourists, workers and locals lives alone.…
Analyse the factors that cause differences in the hazards posed by volcanoes around the world (40 marks)…
‘The extent to which volcanic processes represent hazards depends on where and when they occur’. Discuss this statement…
Volcanoes are magnificent formations from an opening in a planet’s crust. They form when magma, volcanic ash, and gases escape from a magma chamber below the surface of the planet. Tectonic plates cover the surface of the planet and are constantly moving. Volcanoes are generally found where these plates converge or diverge. Not only are volcanoes found in these areas but also where the Earth’s crust is stretching or thinning. There are volcanoes that form away from plate boundaries in areas that are called “hot-spots”. An example of “hot-spot” volcano formation is the Hawaiian Islands.…
Beginning in the year 62 CE, violent earthquakes rocked the region, warning of volcanic activity. The eruption, beginning that fateful August morning, lasted over 24 hours. The eruption was the first one ever recorded in history. An explosion came from the mountain and fine ash fell on the…
The area of the shield volcanos approximately covers 35.02 sq. miles or approximately 90.69 sq. kilometers. The reason this geological activity occurs is because the African and Aegean plates collide and the African plate subducts under the Aegean Plate (“Santorini, Greece”). This creates the Ionian trench and the volcanoes of Cyclades and one of them is Santorini (“Santorini, Greece”). Santorini had one of its’ largest eruptions around 1645 BC (“The Minoan Eruption,” 2004). It’s actually believed that this eruption may be the story behind the legend of the Lost City of Atlantis (Whipps, 2008). As scientists piece together the evidence of past eruptions, they have found that products such as lava and ash have been produced by this volcano. Other eruptive products include basalt, rhyolite, amphiboles (Friedrich et. al 1998). Although many people visit the area of Santorini, they are always at risk because it is still an active volcano, but all that really remains today is a “water-filled caldera” (Friedrich et. al 1998). The last time Santorini erupted was in 1950 (“How Volcanoes Work,”…