Metals Recycling

Resources, Conservation and Recycling 21 (1997) 145–173
Metals recycling: economic and environmental implications Robert U. Ayres *
INSEAD, Boule6ard de Constance, F-77305, Fontainebleau, France
Received 17 July 1997; accepted 27 July 1997
Abstract
We are in a period of economic transition. The ‘cowboy economy’ of the past is obsolescent, if not obsolete. Environmental services are no longer free goods, and this fact is driving major changes. Recycling is the wave of the (immediate) future. The potential savings in terms of energy and capital have long been obvious. The savings in terms of reduced environmental impact are less obvious but increasingly important. The obstacle to greater use recycling has been the fact that economies of scale still favor large primary mining and smelting complexes over (necessarily) smaller and less centralized recyclers. But this advantage is declining over time as the inventory of potentially recyclable metals in industrialized society grows to the point that efficient collection and logistic systems, and efficient markets, justify significant investments in recycling. Increasing energy and other resource costs, together with increasing costs of waste treatment and disposal, will favor this shift in any case. But government policies, driven by unemployment and environmental concerns, taken together, may accelerate the shift by gradually reducing taxes on labor and increasing taxes on extractive resource use. © 1997 Elsevier Science B.V.
Keywords: Pollution; Environment; Sustainability; Re-use; Re-manufacturing; Recycling;
Metals; Mining; Overburden; Gangue
* Tel.: _33 1 64987672; e-mail: [e-mail]
0921-3449:97:$17.00 © 1997 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
PII S0921-3449(97)00033-5
146 R.U. Ayres : Resources, Conser6ation and Recycling 21 (1997) 145–173
1. Background: the present situation
Economic development in the developing countries over the next half century, at recent growth

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