Memory Test Outcomes: Differences? Naive and Non-Naive Participants Using Levels of Processing Test
Memory Test Outcomes: Differences? Naïve and Non-Naive participants using Levels of Processing Test
Abstract 90words
Introductions 450
Many researchers have tried to unravel the mystery of memory in the brain. Early popular theorist Atkinson and Shiffrin (1968) proposed that memories are kept in the brain in “stores” or rather locations where the information is held. They suggest that new information detected from the environment enters to the sensory memory. If attention is paid, the information then flows to the short term memory (STM). Thereafter, information must be rehearsed in order to lock it into the long term memory (LTM). This multi store model is a classic model of memory.
In 1970’s, memory researchers (Craik, Lockhart, Tulving, Waltkins) introduced an alternative to multi store model. Level of Processing (LOP) proposed that information could be processed with different levels of depth. It suggests that memorization occurs through how deep information is processed. It states that there is no real distinction between STM and LTM in the process structure.
Craig and Lockhart (1972) describes the LOP in three stages. Shallowest level of processing was found to be the orthographic components where visual cues are used. Auditory cues are used in the phonological level and produce a medium result. The third stage of the process is the deepest level of processing. Here, at the semantic level, the focus will be on the meaning of the words. In a published paper, Craig and Lockhart (1972) found “memory traces can be seen as records of analyses carried out for the purposes of perception and comprehension, and those deeper, more semantic, processing results in more durable traces” (Nyberg, 2002, p. 345).
It was also assumed that more rehearsals in the shallow level will actually produce worse memory than less rehearsal in using deep level of processing (Francis, Neath, Vanhorn, 2008). Craig and Lockhart (1972) suggest that in studying the
Abstract 90words
Introductions 450
Many researchers have tried to unravel the mystery of memory in the brain. Early popular theorist Atkinson and Shiffrin (1968) proposed that memories are kept in the brain in “stores” or rather locations where the information is held. They suggest that new information detected from the environment enters to the sensory memory. If attention is paid, the information then flows to the short term memory (STM). Thereafter, information must be rehearsed in order to lock it into the long term memory (LTM). This multi store model is a classic model of memory.
In 1970’s, memory researchers (Craik, Lockhart, Tulving, Waltkins) introduced an alternative to multi store model. Level of Processing (LOP) proposed that information could be processed with different levels of depth. It suggests that memorization occurs through how deep information is processed. It states that there is no real distinction between STM and LTM in the process structure.
Craig and Lockhart (1972) describes the LOP in three stages. Shallowest level of processing was found to be the orthographic components where visual cues are used. Auditory cues are used in the phonological level and produce a medium result. The third stage of the process is the deepest level of processing. Here, at the semantic level, the focus will be on the meaning of the words. In a published paper, Craig and Lockhart (1972) found “memory traces can be seen as records of analyses carried out for the purposes of perception and comprehension, and those deeper, more semantic, processing results in more durable traces” (Nyberg, 2002, p. 345).
It was also assumed that more rehearsals in the shallow level will actually produce worse memory than less rehearsal in using deep level of processing (Francis, Neath, Vanhorn, 2008). Craig and Lockhart (1972) suggest that in studying the