Meetings and Moderation in History
[pic]
Table 1 Salvador Dali, The persistence of Memory “melting clocks”, 1931
Table of contents
1. Introduction 3
2. Roman senate 3
2.1. Organization of a Roman senate meeting 3
3. Congress of Vienna 4
3.1. Organization of Congress of Vienna 4
5. Discussion 5
6. Conclusion 6
Bibliography
Table of figures
1. Introduction
First of all I would like to mention that there are so many meetings in history that the decision which to choose isn’t easy at all. In history by research you find a lot of religious and political meetings, for instance the Council of Constance or the Treaty of Versaille or the sport meetings like the ancient Olympic games.
After a long while I have made my decision to write about two meetings in history whose results in my view affect our daily lifes. I want to demonstrate on the basis of my chosen sessions how these were organized and moderated.
Besides I want to mention in the discussion, how these historical meetings influences our business meeting culture today.
2. Roman Senate
The Roman senate was a republic institution in ancient Rome. In the first place, the Senate was formed in the early days of the kingdom of the youth Roman Empire to advise the monarch. (cf. http://spqrlive.com/#/the-senate/4536881394) However, the senate not only increased his membership numbers during the century also the duties grew. One part of the members came from the patrician families and the other part from plebeian background. This elite group was called the nobility. In addition, the senators were unpaid for their duties for the Empire, this isn´t really shocking, that they “were mostly devoted to carving out a power base for themselves, their patrons or their close relations.” (http://spqrlive.com/#/the-senate/4536881394) For this paper I want to illustrate how a typical meeting in a Roman Senate was set up.
1. Organization of a Roman senate meeting
First of all the meeting were set up in the Curia Hostilia, “where they sat in a tiered semi-circle” (http://spqrlive.com/#/the-senate/4536881394). Because of a fire the meeting place of the senate was destroyed, Julius Caesar established a new one, where they were based on opposite sides to face each other. This new senate house was called Curia Julia, however, it happened more often because of the membership increase that they met in different temple to deliver their rhetorical speeches.
The arranging of the senate meetings is an interesting point to mention. One of the officials, who on the one hand could have imperial power or on the other hand was one of the tribunes of the people, could convoked the senate meetings in one of the locations that I mentioned before. Furthermore everybody of the senators had to show appearance because it was on a n obligatory basis. When one of the members of the senate house didn’t show up and gave an excuse for the missing, it was often punished with fines.
In addition, the proceedings were moderated by the official who convened the senate members. On the agenda of the chairman was to make a report on the actually problems and he asked the senators for their opinion.
Then the senators –not each one - hierarchical addressed an audience on the problem which could include the domains of “preparation of legislation, administration of finances, foreign affairs and the supervision of the state religion.” (http://spqrlive.com/#/the-senate/4536881394)
In the end of the debate the chairman put the outcome in a request and invited the senators to give their votes. The decision was written in a form and was given to the quaestores who safeguarded it. (cf., http://library.thinkquest.org/C006401/data/geschichte/senat.html)
In addition to that eloquent and decisive meetings in ancient Rome I want to deal with an example of historical meeting where the participants needed one year for a decision.
3. Congress of Vienna
In the first place, there is the defeat of Napoleon Bonaparte in the battle of Leipsic in 1813. Napoleon had to resign and was banished with his family on the island of Elba. The allied European states resolved the idea of a peace conference which should rearrange the continent Europe.
1. Organization of the Congress of Vienna
The meeting was set up on the 18th of September 1814 and finished on the 9th of June 1815 in Vienna. The political participants arrived from 200 different countries and masteries.
The goal of this proceeding was “to redraw the continent´s political map, establish the boundaries of the European states” and “to settle the many issues arising from the French Revolutionary Wars, the Napoleonic Wars, and the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire.” (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congress_of_Vienna)
The conference was chaired by Austrian statesman Klemens Wenzel von Metternich and the “Palais am Ballhausplatz” had got the political European spotlight of these days. There were kings, princes and ambassadors who defend the opinion and interests of their countries. After tough negotiations at daytime the host Empire Franz I. sweetened the nights of the residence with a great many festivities, which gives this Congress also the nick name “The dancing congress”. The whole celebrating gives the impression that the delegations lost sight on their duties. Moreover, there were a lot of negotiations; however, they found no results. (cf., Alois Scheucher, Zeitbilder 5&6 2006, p. 163)
This festivity got to a harsh end when Napoleon mobilized his troops and occupied France again in spring 1815. The allies acted quickly and sent their troops to stop Napoleon in the battle of Waterloo.
In addition to that intermezzo the delegations were brought into contact again in Vienna to finish the proceedings. The result of this Conference to found confederations which vouch and fight for the protection of religion, peace and justice was accomplished. (cf., Alois Scheucher, Zeitbilder 5&6 2006, p. 164)
4. Discussion
Turning to the question what we can learn from these historical meetings.
First I want to mention that in my opinion these proceedings continue to have an effect on our daily life. Our democratically system as we know it has a prototype in ancient Roman Empire. In the 18th century the time of revolutions people leaned on the beliefs of the Roman republic system, folks fought for more rights and a vote. We are privileged in this day and age to co-create a nation. I think the historical meetings of the Roman senate and our day’s parliament sittings didn´t change a lot. However, it could be that the senators of Rome were more rhetorical skilled than a politician today.
Secondly, on the example of Congress of Vienna we could see that the actors were too much distracted to find solutions, moreover, the enemy had time to assemble one´s force. There are political summits like G8 which gives the impression that the ambassadors of the countries are more focused on receptions and economic agreements than on fixing serious global problems.
However, when give a look on business meetings you get the feeling that the actors learned from history. Business sessions have agendas and time schedules which gives the meeting a structure to follow.
5. Conclusion
To sum up, there isn´t much difference between historical meetings and meetings nowadays. In history proceedings they put a person in charge who chaired and moderate the meetings. It could be a learning progress that in our days a person from outside is invited to moderate a meeting when there are difficulties to find a solution.
In the end the outcomes of a meeting are important and that the participants are satisfied with their decisions.
Bibliography
Alois Scheucher, Zeitbilder 5&6. Geschichte und Sozialkunde. Politische Bildung. Von den Anfängen der Geschichte der Menschen bis zum Ende des Ersten Weltkrieges, Wien 2006
ORACLE ThinkQuest, URL: http://library.thinkquest.org/C006401/data/geschichte/senat.html (1.2.2013)
S.P.O.R live, URL: http://spqrlive.com/#/the-senate/4536881394 (1.2.2013)
Wikipedia, URL: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congress_of_Vienna (1.2.2013)
Table of figures
Table 1 Bildarchiv Prometheus, New York Museum of Modern Art
Bibliography: Alois Scheucher, Zeitbilder 5&6. Geschichte und Sozialkunde. Politische Bildung. Von den Anfängen der Geschichte der Menschen bis zum Ende des Ersten Weltkrieges, Wien 2006 ORACLE ThinkQuest, URL: http://library.thinkquest.org/C006401/data/geschichte/senat.html (1.2.2013) S.P.O.R live, URL: http://spqrlive.com/#/the-senate/4536881394 (1.2.2013) Wikipedia, URL: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congress_of_Vienna (1.2.2013) Table of figures Table 1 Bildarchiv Prometheus, New York Museum of Modern Art
You May Also Find These Documents Helpful
-
At the end of their term, they were held accountable to the popular assembly for any decisions made. "Position open only to patricians, plebeians became eligible in 367 BCE and by 342 BCE legislation dictated that one of the two consuls had to be a plebeian"(Roman Government). The Senate had limited legislative jurisdiction; it's initially available only to the patricians, indirect exclusive power. It had no proper authority, and significant influence was continued, working for an advisory body to the representatives. Individuals of the conservative organization were voluntary and labored for life except finding guilty of…
- 542 Words
- 3 Pages
Good Essays -
7) Through town meetings, business disputes, laws and leadership of the town would be discussed.…
- 384 Words
- 2 Pages
Satisfactory Essays -
Roman Senate: was a political institution in ancient Rome. It was one of the most enduring institutions in Roman history.…
- 864 Words
- 3 Pages
Satisfactory Essays -
1. Historical Review: Some topics are better understood if a brief historical review of the topic is presented to lead into the discussion of the moment…
- 663 Words
- 3 Pages
Good Essays -
The symposium was ritualistic. One example of that was sometimes after the symposium was the komos. It was a ritual where members of a drinking group (hetaireia) would go onto the streets to show how strong and tightly bonded the group was.…
- 927 Words
- 3 Pages
Satisfactory Essays -
As the age of the Greeks was coming to an end, a small kingdom in central Italy was gaining power and growing. During this time, Rome was not yet the Rome as we know it today. In 753 BCE the Kingdom of Rome was founded on a hill top right next to the Tiber River. This kingdom lasted for around 200 years until in 509 BCE when the people of Rome overthrew the king and created a republic. Like the Athenians, the Romans also showed pride in their participation in government. However unlike the Athenians the Romans set up a republic in which the people of Rome voted for representatives and those reps then discussed, voted and participated in the government. This in turn meant that political participation in Rome was less direct than it had been in their Greek counterparts but, this in no way stopped the Romans from participation in politics. The Romans believed in one very important virtue. This virtue was called gravitas and it represented the Roman’s seriousness and importance it put toward aspects of life, one of which was politics. The Romans felt that being involved in government was a civil duty that all Romans must know about it. The people of Rome felt this way because they did not want to revert back to the time when they were ruled by kings. Unfortunately the era of the republic began to fall as a cycle of violence ensued. Rome was in constant chaos at this time and as shown throughout…
- 1516 Words
- 7 Pages
Good Essays -
Part I: Select a total of FIVE (5) terms, names, events, or ideas you believe are historically significant. Judge them…
- 538 Words
- 3 Pages
Satisfactory Essays -
Robert S. Wistrich, (1997). Who 's Who in Nazi Germany. 1st ed. Routledge: Robert Wistrich.…
- 602 Words
- 3 Pages
Good Essays -
4. Do NOT take notes or attempt in any way to record the meeting; you are there to observe. Taking notes has the potential to violate the anonymous nature of these group fellowships. Recording the meeting is a violation of privacy and law!…
- 645 Words
- 3 Pages
Powerful Essays -
The meetings were located in a city center where there was a recreational center, a few small shopping marts,…
- 1495 Words
- 6 Pages
Good Essays -
Following two decades of the French Revolution and the Napoleonic Wars Europe’s great powers decided to attempt to establish peace within Europe. The Vienna Congress and the congress system were the results of this attempt. The congress system was a means of co-operation on an international basis to discuss disagreements but specifically to prevent further revolutions from occurring and causing further disruption, debris and conflict. This essay will discuss how the system was ineffective in ways but additionally can be considered effective in others. It will then continue to explore the system in more detail by examining how and why the system was short-lived. Lastly it will examine how the system was a tentative approach to international…
- 1919 Words
- 8 Pages
Powerful Essays -
In the beginning only the wealthy had political rights, over time they gave political rights to a growing number of Plebeians. Under Augustus the senate was changed from only having people with high social standing holding office to having people who proved they deserved the office. There were also the brothers who supported limiting the amount of land a citizen could hold. Many senators did not agree with the brothers which led to the murder of Tiberius and later Gaius committed suicide. Over time the republic developed four legislative assemblies. The Curiate Assembly, the centuriate assembly, the tribal assembly and the plebeian assembly. Then when the republic was established two consuls were created to help the organizations of the states they were called Quaestor and the Censor. In the fourth century 2 new offices were created the Praetor and the…
- 1075 Words
- 5 Pages
Good Essays -
where to begin. During my portion of the presentation I tried to put the events in order by year…
- 826 Words
- 4 Pages
Good Essays -
The Congress of Vienna, held in Austria from September 1814 to November 1815, was a conference held by prominent European powers of the day. The Quadruple Alliance, consisting of Britain, Austria, Russia, and Prussia, enacted the congress in order to reinstate peace throughout Europe after the tiring Napoleonic Wars scourged the continent. The Napoleonic Wars had dragged unwilling countries into a financially and socially exhausting conflict, and the goal of the Congress of Vienna was to end this conflict and restore harmony to Europe. The Congress of Vienna was ultimately successful in accomplishing its goals of preventing a recurrence of the Napoleonic nightmare and arranging lasting peace.…
- 681 Words
- 3 Pages
Good Essays -
and 1924. On thinking over the question of how to carry out such a discussion in…
- 4430 Words
- 6 Pages
Good Essays