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Mead Malinowski

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Mead Malinowski
Deel of Geheel?

Een essay over twee antropologische invalshoeken ten aanzien van ‘de ander’ door Margaret Mead en Bronislaw Malinowski [pic]

[pic]

13 oktober, 2010

Universiteit van Amsterdam

Groep 5, Men. F. Guadeloupe

1614 woorden

Inleiding

Aan het begin van de vorige eeuw was een antropologisch onderzoek vaak gebaseerd op reeds bestaande literatuur. Deze onderzoekers werden ook wel ‘kamergeleerden’ genoemd. Zonder hun kamer te verlaten schreven zij over afgelegen samenlevingen en verre culturen. Margaret Mead en Bronislav Malinowski waren een van de eerste antropologen die wel hun kamer verlieten. Zij reisden de halve wereld af om onderzoek te verrichten in niet-Westerse samenlevingen. Deze vorm van onderzoek, participerende observatie genoemd, houdt in dat de onderzoeker deel uit gaat maken van een samenleving, om op die manier informatie te verwerven. Bronislav Malinowski verrichtte zijn onderzoek op de Trobriand eilanden, waar hij het handelsnetwerk, de Kula, bestudeerde. Met zijn manier van aanpak werd hij de grondlegger van het biologisch/psychologisch functionalisme. Het biologisch/psychologisch functionalisme houdt in dat bepaalde verschijnselen niet vanuit de geschiedenis moeten worden verklaard, maar vanuit de functie van het verschijnsel voor het geheel. Elke mens heeft bepaalde basisbehoeften, en deze worden voorzien door de verschillende aspecten van een cultuur. Margaret Mead voerde haar onderzoek uit op het eiland Tau op Samoa. Daar bestudeerde ze een kleine groep Samoanen vanuit cultureel relativistisch perspectief. Het cultureel relativisme gaat uit van de veronderstelling dat samenlevingen en culturen verschillend zijn en hun eigen unieke logica kennen, maar dat hun gelijkwaardigheid

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