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Max Ve Weber'in Adalet Kavramı

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Max Ve Weber'in Adalet Kavramı
Max Weber’in
Kadı Adaleti
Kavramı
Osman Safa Bursalı

Max Weber’in (1864–1920) ortaya koyduğu hukuklar şemasının önemli bir ayağı da İslâm Hukuku’dur. Bu hukuk türünün uygulayıcısı olarak kadı, Weber’in inceleme sahası içinde merkezî bir konumda bulunur. Kadı, Weber’in kadı adaleti olarak kavramsallaştırdığı fonksiyonu icra etmekle, Weber’e göre İslâm Hukuku’nun karakteristik özelliklerini yansıtır. Bu makalede yapılacak olan, Weber’in İslâm ve İslâm Hukuku hakkında ileri sürdüğü görüşleri çerçevesinde, öncelikle kadı adaleti kavramının muhtevasını göstermek, daha sonra eleştirmenlerce bu kavrama getirilen itirazları dillendirmektir. Son olarak Weber’in bu kavramının olabilirliği sorgulanacak ve eleştirmenlerin itirazlarının haklılığı irdelendikten sonra, kadı’nın keyfî ve öngörülemez bir hüküm vermesinin önündeki engeller sıralanacaktır.

1. Weber’in İslâm ve
İslâm Hukuku Hakkındaki Görüşleri

Weber’in İslâm Hakkındaki Görüşleri
Weber’in (sürekli olarak etkileşimcilik, verstehende sosyoloji ve determinizm biçimleri arasında gidip gelerek) tutarlı bir konum benimsemede başarısız olması nedeniyle, kendisine tutarlı bir sosyoloji isnat eden yetkin bir Weber yorumu bulunmamaktadır.1 İslâm, Weber’in din ve kapitalizm tezlerinin önemli bir deney-örneği olmasına rağmen2 sosyolojisindeki tutarlılık sorunlarından dolayı, Weber’in kesin bir yorumu gerçekten mümkün olamamaktadır.3 Turner’a göre din sosyolojisinin birçok önemli alanında Weber, verstehende sosyolojisini ya ihmal eder ya da tamamen terk eder.4
Weber’e göre, ister materyalist ister idealist olsun, tek nedensel teoriler aptalca ve bilimdışıdır. Bu sebeple Weber’in çoğulcu nedensellik görüşü, her çeşit son ve nihaî nedeni araştırmayı dışlamıştır. O, ekonomik altyapılarla kültürel üstyapılar arasında birebir ilişkiler olması gerektiği fikrini reddeder; bunun anlamı, Weber’in sosyalizm ile özel mülkiyetin devrimci yıkımı arasında herhangi bir bağlantıyı ya da herhangi zorunlu bir bağlantıyı kabul

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