DESCRIBE THE SOURCE AND FLOW OF LYMPH. | SOURCE: 10% of interstitial fluid a day enters the lymphatic capillaries becoming lymph.FLOW: Interstitial fluid - lymphatic capillaries - lymphatic vessels (containing one way valves) - lymph nodes - lymphatic trunks - to 2 lymphatic ducts (right lymphatic duct (which receives the lymph from the right arm, right side of head and thorax) and thoracic (which receives lymph from the rest of the body)) - subclavian veins - blood |
DESCRIBE THE FUNCTION, STRUCTURE AND LOCATION OF LYMPH NODES. | FUNCTION: Filter bacteria and other foreign materials out of lymph and expose them to lymphocytes and macrophages. They also produce lymphocytes and antibodies, to be carried by lymph throughout the lymphatic system.STRUCTURE: Bean shaped structures, around 1 cm long; surrounded by connective tissue. They are composed of a framework of supportive connective tissue and functional tissue largely made of macrophages and lymphocytes.LOCATION: located along the lymphatic vessels; scattered throughout the body, but more concentrated on the neck, armpits, groin and abdominal cavity. |
WHAT ARE ANTIBODIES AND WHAT ARE THEIR ACTIONS IN REGARD TO IMMUNE RESPONSE? | WHAT ARE THEY?Structurally, antibodies are complex proteins that belong to the class of globulins, known as immunoglobulins. They are produced by a kind of white blood cell known as a plasma cell. Five different antibody isotopes are known, and they produce appropriate and different immune response for each different type of foreign object they encounter.WHAT ARE THEIR ACTIONS?Antibodies contribute to immunity in two main ways:- They prevent pathogens from entering or damaging cells by binding to them and immobilising them.- They stimulate the removal of the pathogen by macrophages and other cells by coating them. Phagocytes will readily phagocytose a particle that is coated with antibodies and break it down. |
EXPLAIN THE PROCESS OF PHAGOCYTOSIS AND NATURAL KILLER CELLS DEFENSIVE... [continues]
DESCRIBE THE FUNCTION, STRUCTURE AND LOCATION OF LYMPH NODES. | FUNCTION: Filter bacteria and other foreign materials out of lymph and expose them to lymphocytes and macrophages. They also produce lymphocytes and antibodies, to be carried by lymph throughout the lymphatic system.STRUCTURE: Bean shaped structures, around 1 cm long; surrounded by connective tissue. They are composed of a framework of supportive connective tissue and functional tissue largely made of macrophages and lymphocytes.LOCATION: located along the lymphatic vessels; scattered throughout the body, but more concentrated on the neck, armpits, groin and abdominal cavity. |
WHAT ARE ANTIBODIES AND WHAT ARE THEIR ACTIONS IN REGARD TO IMMUNE RESPONSE? | WHAT ARE THEY?Structurally, antibodies are complex proteins that belong to the class of globulins, known as immunoglobulins. They are produced by a kind of white blood cell known as a plasma cell. Five different antibody isotopes are known, and they produce appropriate and different immune response for each different type of foreign object they encounter.WHAT ARE THEIR ACTIONS?Antibodies contribute to immunity in two main ways:- They prevent pathogens from entering or damaging cells by binding to them and immobilising them.- They stimulate the removal of the pathogen by macrophages and other cells by coating them. Phagocytes will readily phagocytose a particle that is coated with antibodies and break it down. |
EXPLAIN THE PROCESS OF PHAGOCYTOSIS AND NATURAL KILLER CELLS DEFENSIVE... [continues]
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