Hardware Style
CITATION AND REFERENCING – HARVARD
1) What is Citation?
Acknowledging the source from which we have taken particular information is known as citation.
There are three forms of citation:
a) DIRECT QUOTATION – In English, quotation marks are “and”. b) PARAPHRASING – Restate the same thing, in your own words, steering far clear of the original. c) SUMMARISING – Restate the same thing, in your own words, and in as few words as possible.
There are several proper ways to recognize someone’s work, and these are called referencing or citation styles. We will use the Harvard Style.
2) What information needs to be cited?
The golden rule is: if you know you’ve read or seen information somewhere, it needs a reference.
Therefore, we must cite
1. Any facts taken from sources, regardless of whether they are common (or general) knowledge
2. Any research done by you or by someone else (experiments, surveys), and any material owned by another person (such as photos or videos)
3. Any information gained from interviews.
3) When is citation not necessary?
Apart from opinions, the following information does not need to be acknowledged: 1. Very common knowledge, but this is determined by the audience and the context. a) mathematical and general computing formulas b) news headlines (unless you are actually referring to a news article in a particular publication)
GUIDELINES FOR HARVARD CITATION AND REFERENCING
Where to put the reference in your essay?
A) AS YOU WRITE – IN-TEXT CITATIONS:
“Therefore, you should strive to limit the amount of direct quotations in our essay.” (Lester 1976, pp. 46- 47.)
Lester (1976) argued that we should not use directly quoted passages in our academic writing too often.
B) IN THE REFERENCE LIST:
All the references i.e. sources, mentioned in your work have to be included in a list at the end of your essay- the reference list.
Bernstein, T 1965, The careful writer: A
1) What is Citation?
Acknowledging the source from which we have taken particular information is known as citation.
There are three forms of citation:
a) DIRECT QUOTATION – In English, quotation marks are “and”. b) PARAPHRASING – Restate the same thing, in your own words, steering far clear of the original. c) SUMMARISING – Restate the same thing, in your own words, and in as few words as possible.
There are several proper ways to recognize someone’s work, and these are called referencing or citation styles. We will use the Harvard Style.
2) What information needs to be cited?
The golden rule is: if you know you’ve read or seen information somewhere, it needs a reference.
Therefore, we must cite
1. Any facts taken from sources, regardless of whether they are common (or general) knowledge
2. Any research done by you or by someone else (experiments, surveys), and any material owned by another person (such as photos or videos)
3. Any information gained from interviews.
3) When is citation not necessary?
Apart from opinions, the following information does not need to be acknowledged: 1. Very common knowledge, but this is determined by the audience and the context. a) mathematical and general computing formulas b) news headlines (unless you are actually referring to a news article in a particular publication)
GUIDELINES FOR HARVARD CITATION AND REFERENCING
Where to put the reference in your essay?
A) AS YOU WRITE – IN-TEXT CITATIONS:
“Therefore, you should strive to limit the amount of direct quotations in our essay.” (Lester 1976, pp. 46- 47.)
Lester (1976) argued that we should not use directly quoted passages in our academic writing too often.
B) IN THE REFERENCE LIST:
All the references i.e. sources, mentioned in your work have to be included in a list at the end of your essay- the reference list.
Bernstein, T 1965, The careful writer: A
Citations: Alternative a) Jones (1986) stated that the time has come for new allied health programs. Alternative b) The time has come for new allied health programs (Jones 1986). Alternative b) Frank (1988) stated "... the time is now" (p. 6). | |Berkman (1994, p. 25) claimed that … | |2 |Reid, D, Parsons, M & Green, C 1989, Staff management in human services: behavioral research and application, Charles C. Thomas,|… as previously demonstrated (Reid, Parsons & Green 1989) | |Springfield |Sjostrand, S (ed.) 1993, Institutional change: theory and empirical findings, M.E. Sharpe, Armonk, N.Y. |… some findings (Sjostrand 1993) | |Pike, ER & Sarkar, S (eds) 1986, Frontiers in quantum optics, Adam Hilger, Bristol |Huffman, LM 1996, ‘Processing whey protein for use as a food ingredient’, Food Technology, vol. 50, no. 2, pp. 49-52. |Huffman (1996) expanded on the theory … OR … uses for whey protein (Huffman 1996). | |7 |Simpson, L 1997, ‘Tasmania’s railway goes private’, Australian Financial Review, 13 October, p. 10. |... as seen in the move to privatise the railway (Simpson 1997) | |8 Article in a newpaper (web edition) | | |Porteous, C 2007, ‘Rudd blamed for drought’, Courier Mail, 15 August, p. 17, viewed 27 February 2009, |… government has been blamed for the water shortage (Porteous 2007). | | |University of Queensland Library 2009, Mechanical engineering, University of Queensland Library, viewed 6 February 2009, |… in this subject guide (University of Queensland Library 2009) | |