Haplogroup H

What mutations are associated with haplogroup H? As the ancestors of haplogroup H migrated from the Middle East to India 45,000 years ago, the mutations that became associated with the haplogroup are M168, M89, and M69. M69 is also commonly known as the, “Indian marker,” but M69 can also be born in Southern Central Asia. M89 on the other hand first appeared around 45,000 years ago in northeastern Africa. “In modern day this mutation (marker) is found in more than 90 percent of all non-African men” (Wells 211-212). What characteristics separate haplogroup H from any other group? Haplogroup H is very unique and has several characteristics that make it stand out. Haplogroup H is one of the most dominant family haplogroups in all of Europe,
Spencer Wells feels that, “the ice age provides a key to the mystery of European genetic patterns” (Wells 80). Although many people of haplogroup H migrated to India and Central Asia when the ice sheets, from the ice age, melted many expanded to repopulate northern Europe. The climate was said to be significantly cooler and wetter due to the ice age, unlike the tropical weather in the Mediterranean. However, as the temperature began to slowly rise 10,000 years ago the climate changed from wet to dry. Weather impacts every aspect of the world including ancient haplogroups, such as haplogroup
The people that had retreated to Italy, the Iberian Peninsula, and the Balkans had a more varietal diet and relied on a hunter-gatherer type lifestyle. This half of the haplogroup had a diet of a lot of fish, lamb, and such easy vegetables as beans and several greens. On the other hand, stuck during the ice age the other half of haplogroup H had a very limited diet due to the ice sheets covering the tundra. Planting anything would be useless, because the ground was frozen and lifeless. If anything haplogroup H once and a while gathered any berries left behind from old plants and also killed any animal that crossed their path (via