GMCS Project

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN INVENTION & DISCOVERIES
INVENTION: Invention is using objects that preexist to create something new that is first of its kind. An invention is expected to create a breakthrough in radical science and change the thinking.

DISCOVERIES: Discovery is known as the act of detecting something that already preexists and has been around over a long period of time. TOP 10 DISCOVERIES OF THE DECADE

1. At number 1 is the finding that in the past decade, glaciers have been melting much faster than ever expected.
2. At number 2 is the development of the rough draft of the entire human genome in the year 2000, followed by a completed version in 2003.
3. At number 3 is the discovery of water ice on the surface of Mars in 2008 by NASA's Mars Phoenixlander.
4. At number 4 is finding of stem cells in new sources in 2007, when scientists from Kyoto University and the University of Wisconsin-Madison, essentially turned back the clock for adult skin cells, allowing these mature cells, which were preprogrammed to become skin, to act like embryonic stem cells.
5. At number 5 is the concept of cyborgs that is, half-machine, half-humans, becoming a reality in the last decade, as much progress has been made with people controlling robotic limbs and computers with their minds.
6. At nubmer 6 is an astronomer seeing alien planets, or "exoplanets", directly in 2008, using theHubble Space Telescope and the infrared Keck and Gemini observatories in Hawaii.

“This space we declare to be infinite... In it are an infinity of worlds of the same kind as our own.”

An exoplanet or extrasolar planet is a planet that does not orbit the Sun and instead orbits a different star
More than 1800 exoplanets have been discovered (1855 planets in 1164 planetary systems including 473multiple planetary systems as of 1 January 2015)
The first confirmation of an exoplanet orbiting a main-sequence star was made in 1995, when a giant planet was found in a four-day orbit around the nearby star 51 Pegasi
On 26 February 2014, NASA announced the discovery of 715 newly verified exoplanets around 305 stars by the Kepler Space Telescope.
The nearest known exoplanet, if confirmed, would be Alpha Centauri Bb, but there is some doubt about its existence.

Discovery of Kepler-186f - an Earth-sizedexoplanet in the habitable zone of its host star (artist concept; 17 April 2014)

Histogram of exoplanets by size—the gold bars represent Kepler's latest newly verified exoplanets (February 26, 2014).

The discovery of exoplanets has intensified interest in the search for extraterrestrial life, particularly for those that orbit in the host star's habitable zone where it is possible for liquid water (and therefore life) to exist on the surface. The study of planetary habitability also considers a wide range of other factors in determining the suitability of a planet for hosting life.
7. At number 7 is the emergence of new human ancestors, first, in the form of a 6- to 7-million-year-old skull of Sahelanthropus tchadensis - known as Toumai, in northern Chad in 2002.

Then, in 2009, the nearly complete skeleton of "Ardi," in northeastern Ethiopia bumped the famous "Lucy" as the earliest, most complete skeleton of a human ancestor ever found.
8. At number 8 is the direct confirmation of the mysterious dark matter in the summer of 2006.

The unprecedented evidence came from the careful weighing of gas and stars flung about in the head-on smash-up between two great clusters of galaxies in the Bullet Cluster.

Until then, the existence of dark matter was inferred by the fact that galaxies have only one-fifth of the visible matter needed to create the gravity that keeps them intact.

So, the rest must be invisible to telescopes: That unseen matter is "dark."
9. At number 9 is the discovery of what appeared to be soft tissues - blood vessels, bone matrix and other cells - inside the fossilized femur of a small T. rex in 2005.

Since then, the bones have revealed amino acids that resemble those of modern chickens, firming the link between dinosaurs and birds.
10. At number 10 is the discovery of Eris in 2005, a minor body that is 27 percent bigger than Pluto.

The finding became the trigger that changed the face of our solar system, defining the planets and adding Pluto to a growing family of dwarf planets in 2006.