Formal Report - Synthesis of an Alkyl Halide
Experiment 6: Synthesis of an Alkyl Halide
Maria Alexandria Buraga Ammuyutan
Institute of Chemistry, University of the Philippines, Diliman, Quezon City 1101 Philippines
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Department of Food and Science Nutrition, College of Home Economics, Univeristy of the Philippines, Diliman, Quezon City 1101 Philippines
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ABSTRACT
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Alcohols react with hydrogen halides (HCl is used in this experiment) to yield the resultant alkyl halides and water. The insolubility of the alkyl halide in water allows the separation of it from the aqueous layer using a separatory funnel. The alkyl halide, then, were purified by a simple distillation apparatus using boiling point differences between the pure tert-butyl chloride and not. In this experiment, tert-butyl chloride is synthesized from tert-butyl alcohol.
Introduction
Alkyl Halides (also known as halogenoalkanes or haloalkanes) are a group of chemical compounds derived from alkanes containing one or more halogens. They are a subset of the general class of halocarbons, although the distinction is not often made. Alkyl Halides are widely used commercially and, consequently, are known under many chemical and commercial names. A number of methods were developed for its systematic synthesis. The most common preparation method is by reacting alcohol with hydrogen halides in extremely acidic environments. In this production method, tertiary alcohols were recommended to be used because of the stability and relative strength of the tertiary carbocation. Halogens will substitute with the hydrogen atoms to form alkyl halides through SN1 reactions.
Experimental Detail
Before all else, the materials and the simple distillation set-up were prepared. 10 mL tert-butyl alcohol and 20 mL cold concentrated HCl was placed in a dry 30 mL separatory funnel while gently swirled. It is important to
Maria Alexandria Buraga Ammuyutan
Institute of Chemistry, University of the Philippines, Diliman, Quezon City 1101 Philippines
-------------------------------------------------
Department of Food and Science Nutrition, College of Home Economics, Univeristy of the Philippines, Diliman, Quezon City 1101 Philippines
-------------------------------------------------
ABSTRACT
-------------------------------------------------
Alcohols react with hydrogen halides (HCl is used in this experiment) to yield the resultant alkyl halides and water. The insolubility of the alkyl halide in water allows the separation of it from the aqueous layer using a separatory funnel. The alkyl halide, then, were purified by a simple distillation apparatus using boiling point differences between the pure tert-butyl chloride and not. In this experiment, tert-butyl chloride is synthesized from tert-butyl alcohol.
Introduction
Alkyl Halides (also known as halogenoalkanes or haloalkanes) are a group of chemical compounds derived from alkanes containing one or more halogens. They are a subset of the general class of halocarbons, although the distinction is not often made. Alkyl Halides are widely used commercially and, consequently, are known under many chemical and commercial names. A number of methods were developed for its systematic synthesis. The most common preparation method is by reacting alcohol with hydrogen halides in extremely acidic environments. In this production method, tertiary alcohols were recommended to be used because of the stability and relative strength of the tertiary carbocation. Halogens will substitute with the hydrogen atoms to form alkyl halides through SN1 reactions.
Experimental Detail
Before all else, the materials and the simple distillation set-up were prepared. 10 mL tert-butyl alcohol and 20 mL cold concentrated HCl was placed in a dry 30 mL separatory funnel while gently swirled. It is important to