Chemistry IGCSE Study Guide P6

Chemistry IGCSE Paper 6 revision guide

You can change the temperature and concentration used (not both at the same time though)
You need to keep the diameter of the conical flask the same, if it is thinner then the cross will disappear sooner, the cross also has to be the same, volumes too

(This set up is mostly if you want to test the gases, otherwise you can use the standard set up)
The limestone cycle:
1. Burn the limestone chip/ limestone powder in a test tube in a Bunsen flame → calcium oxide
2. Put calcium oxide in water → calcium hydroxide solution + left over limestone
3. Filter the leftover limestone
4. Blow bubbles using a straw into the calcium hydroxide solution → limestone
Flame colors: (I copied a table from the internet because it isn’t in the book, the ones in red I’m pretty sure you have to know, and the ones in the yellow are the ones I think are good to know since they are used often).
Symbol
Element
Color
As
Arsenic
Blue
B
Boron
Bright green
Ba
Barium
Pale/Yellowish Green
Ca
Calcium
Orange to red
Cs
Cesium
Blue
Cu(I)
Copper(I)
Blue
Cu(II)
Copper(II) non-halide
Green
Cu(II)
Copper(II) halide
Blue-green
Fe
Iron
Gold
In
Indium
Blue
K
Potassium
Lilac to red
Li
Lithium
Magenta to carmine
Mg
Magnesium
Bright white
Mn(II)
Manganese(II)
Yellowish green
Mo
Molybdenum
Yellowish green
Na
Sodium
Intense yellow
P
Phosphorus
Pale bluish green
Pb
Lead
Blue

Rb
Rubidium
Red to purple-red
Sb
Antimony
Pale green
Se
Selenium
Azure blue
Sr
Strontium
Crimson
Te
Tellurium
Pale green
Tl
Thallium
Pure green
Zn
Zinc
Bluish green to whitish green

Sources of error for the flame test:
The test cannot detect low concentrations of most ions.
The brightness of the signal varies from one sample to another. For example, the yellow emission from sodium is much brighter than the red emission from the same amount