To solve a problem, we need to have all the information we can gather so that it can be completely digested.
1.The first is to say to yourself, before you begin to take a critical look at any idea, “I know this idea is going to look good to me and that I am going to feel it’s pointless to look for flaws. That’s natural. I thought of it, so I want it to be perfect. But I’m going to disregard this reaction and force myself to examine it critically.”
2.The second safeguard is to use your ego to advantage. Whenever you find yourself ready to stop evaluating your idea before you really should, reflect for a moment on how it would feel to have a serious flaw pointed out by someone else, particularly by someone you don’t much care for. Visualize the situation; imagine yourself squirming with embarrassment and awkwardly offering face-saving excuses. Such a mental picture ought to motivate you to continue evaluating your idea.
Identify errors in reasoning. 1. The first affects the truth of the argument’s premises or assertions. The second affects the argument’s validity—that is, the legitimacy of the reasoning by which the conclusion was reached. A sound argument is both true and valid. 2. Errors Effecting Truth a. Either/or thinking b. Avoiding the issue c. Overgeneralizing d. Oversimplifying e. Double standard f. Shifting the burden of proof g. Irrational appeal 3. Errors Affecting Validity
Identify fallacies used in written, oral, and visual arguments….
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