Albinism: This Is an X-Linked Disease

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• Essay about this is it

  ...during the early 2nd century AD, possibly as early as the year 105 A.D.,[1] by the Han court eunuch Cai Lun, although the earliest archaeological fragments of paper derive from the 2nd century BC in China.[2] The modern pulp and paper industry is global, with China leading production and the United States behind it.To make pulp from wood, a chemical pulping process separates lignin from cellulose fibers. This is accomplished by dissolving lignin in a cooking liquor, so that it may be washed from the cellulose fibers. This preserves the length of the cellulose fibers. Paper made from chemical pulps are also known as wood-free papers–not to be confused with tree-free paper. This is because they do not contain lignin, which deteriorates over time. The pulp can also be bleached to produce white paper, but this consumes 5% of the fibers. Chemical pulping processes are not used to make paper made from cotton, which is already 90% cellulose. The microscopic structure of paper: Micrograph of paper autofluorescing under ultraviolet illumination. The individual fibres in this sample are around 10 µm in diameter. There are three main chemical pulping processes. The sulfite process dates back to the 1840s, and it was the dominant process before the second world war. The kraft process, invented in the 1870s and first used in the 1890s, is now the most commonly practiced strategy. One advantage is a chemical...

  1337  Words | 5  Pages

• Albinism Essay

  ... Albinism is one of the many genetic diseases affecting people today. In the several genes that produce or distribute melanin, a pigment found in the hair, skin, and iris, there may be a defect. A defect may cause an absence of melanin production, or a reduced amount of melanin production. Albinism is the result of a baby inheriting two of these defective genes, one from the father and one from the mother. The baby must inherit one defective gene from each parent in order to have albinism. The disease is autosomal recessive and is found on chromosome 11. It is usually detected at birth, the symptoms include having lighter skin and eyes, for some people their eyes may seem pink or red. This is due to the lack of pigmentation in their eyes, skin, and hair. Out of the total population, about 1 out of every 17,000 children are carriers for Albinism or have Albinism. Albinism is a lifelong disease, there is no way to cure it, only to treat it. To treat albinism, children must use lots of sunscreen and wear sunglasses because their eyes and skin suffer from light sensitivity, also known as photophobia. Many doctors prescribed glasses to correct vision problems and some children may even get eye surgery. Albinism does not affect a child's lifespan, but a form of albinism, Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome...

  793  Words | 4  Pages

• Essay on Albinism

  ...Albinism What is albinism? Albinism is a genetic disorder that can affect all organisms with vertebrae. What does it do? Simple, Albinism causes a partial or complete lack of pigmentation in an organism. Or in layman terms, people affected with albinism lack the chemical that makes their body a certain color, be it black, yellow, or red. They’re also characterized by their glowing red eyes, making them often accused of being possessed by the devil. Albino’s are also unnaturally pale and also lack color in their hair, giving them a very ghost like appearance. Here we look into what Albinism really is. I. A Brief History The first case of albinism ever documented was by Balthar Tellez, a Spanish historian and missionary. While traveling Africa he met a native tribe with albino members in it. The Latin word for white was albus, thus leading to Tellez coining the term albino. Albinism is considered to be one of the oldest human anomalies ever documented. There are even cases of albinism inside the Bible. The Midrashic accounts state that Noah, of the old testament, at birth had hair as white as snow and eyes like the rays of the sun. His Father thought he was an angel and fled from the baby's presence, frightened for his very life. Other recorded accounts of albinism include that of slave Robert Crews. He claimed that...

  1077  Words | 3  Pages

• A Case of X-Linked Agammaglobulinemia Essay

  ...A Case of X-linked Agammaglobulinemia 1. What are the differences between non-specific and specific (immunity) body defense? Non-specific defenses attack any foreign invaders by physical and chemical barriers first and then internally. Specific defenses are our immune system and the immune response that forgets specific invaders of the body that manage to get by the non-specific defenses. 2. In what tissue do B- and T- lymphocytes originate and what are the two steps involved in lymphocyte “maturation”? The precursors of both types of cells are produced in the bone marrow. While the B cells mature in the bone marrow, the precursor to the T cells leaves the bone marrow and matures in the thymus which is the reason that they are called "T cells" for thymus-derived cells. 3. Describe the two “arms” of immunity. The two major arms of innate immunity are inflammation and phagocytes. Inflammation is the warning system that alerts the rest of the immune system that something is wrong, while phagocytes are the infantry of our immune system whose job is to clean out whatever is causing the infection. 4. Define the term antigen and state which class of organic molecules make the best antigens, and why? An antigen is a substance or molecule that, when it is introduced into the body, triggers the production of an antibody by the immune system, which will then kill or neutralize the antigen that is recognized as a foreign and potentially...

  585  Words | 2  Pages

• Sex Linked Diseases Essay

  ...muscles of a patient suffering from this disorder. This may affect respiratory muscles resulting in respiratory failure. It is also known as the Pompe Disease. Although, in childhood and adolescence the symptoms show slow progress and are less severe, infantile forms cause death within first year, if not treated on time. Albinism: Albinism is a congenital disorder in which there is little or completely no production of melanin in hair, skin and iris of the eyes. Hence albinos (people suffering from albinism) have light colored skin, hair and eyes. It is caused due to inheritance of recessive alleles from parents. This disorder can't be cured. However, the symptoms can be alleviated with the help of surgical treatment, vision aids and using device that provide protection from sun. Alzheimer's Disease: Alzheimer's disease is the most common form of dementia which is characterized by gradual memory loss, irritability, mood swings, confusion and language breakdown. Although, scientists are not unequivocal about the cause of this disease, the most widely accepted reason is the amyloid cascade hypothesis, that suggests excess production of a small protein fragment called ABeta (Aβ). Also known as Senile Dementia of the Alzheimer Type (SDAT) or simply Alzheimer's, this is a degenerative disease...

  2234  Words | 8  Pages

• Diseases Sex Linked and Sex Influenced Essay

  ...Diseases: Sex Linked and Sex Influenced by Richard Nixon Honors Biology Mrs. Linda December 19, 1994 There are thousands of cases of sex linked and sex influenced diseases worldwide. These diseases can range from a social inconvenience, to a fatal ailment. In sex linked diseases, like Muscular Dystrophy, hemophilia and color blindness, only males are affected. When a man infected with a sex linked disease has children, all his sons are normal, but all of his daughters are carriers. When a carrier woman and an uninfected man have children, half of the sons are normal, and half of the sons are affected; half of the daughters are carriers and half of the daughters are normal. Only males are affected because the sex linked diseases affect the X chromosome. Males have one X chromosome and one Y chromosome, so they need to use that X, whether it is flawed or not. Females on the other hand, have two X chromosomes, so if one is defective, they can use their second X chromosome. Duchenne's Muscular Dystrophy(DMD) is defined as "a genetic disease characterized by defective muscle cells that can not produce a protein called dystrophins (Science News 380). In patients of hemophilia, there is a deficiency of a protein needed for blood...

  3093  Words | 8  Pages

• Albinism

  ...Albinism Background Information Albinism is a genetic disorder which affects the amount of melanin produced, in a person’s skin, hair, or eyes. Oculocutaneous albinism, Ocular albinism, and Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome are other names for this genetic disorder. The disorder affects mostly men, because it is a recessive gene. Females are usually carriers. Albinism does not affect any specific ethnic or religious group. Symptoms/ Effects This Genetic Disorder affects the eyes, skin, or hair’s pigmentation. If an organism has albinism, it has little or no color in a specific part of its body. Albinistic skin burns easily. People with this disorder have to take special precautions to avoid sunburns and diseases such as skin cancer. Most types of Albinism also affect the eyes. Symptoms affecting the eyes include Crossed eyes, Light sensitivity, Rapid eye movements, Vision problems, and functional blindness. Albinistic people may have to limit their outdoor activities to avoid too much exposure to the sun. This disorder itself is not life threatening. However albinism affects many animals’ camouflage, and makes them easy prey. A human’s life span can be shortened by lung disease or bleeding problems from a form of Albinism, Hermansky-Pudlak Syndrome....

  786  Words | 3  Pages

• People with Albinism Essay

  ...every 17,000 people have Albinism People with Albinism fail to produce enough melanin Melanin’s role on protecting us from ultraviolet light is understood but it also helps in the development of the retina and brain and other interconnections Many are legally blind- but most use their vision for reading and do not use Braille Even though most people with Albinism and have low vision some still have good enough vision to drive a car Oculocutaneous albinism involves the eyes, hair, and skin Ocular albinism primarily involves the eyes, while skin and hair may appear similar or slightly lighter than that of other family members There are only 2 known albino gorillas. One of them- Snowflake was born in 1966 and died in 2003. There is a bit of controversy over if he was a true albino gorilla but it was said by one of the veterinarians at the Barcelona Zoo confirmed that he had oculocutaneous albinism or the equivalent to Type I-B or yellow albinism in human beings Snowflake sired over 20 normal dark haired gorillas, though most of them died The only other white albino gorilla was in the wild with its mother, but soon the baby vanished and was presumed dead Albinism is inherited from the parents, and only if both the mother and father have the gene The gene for albinism is recessive Tribes in...

  714  Words | 4  Pages