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Assessment Results » DNA Fingerprint Analysis
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Shown below are the DNA scans for three frogs that look alike. Which frogs are identical twins?

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A. Frogs A and B
B. Frogs A and C
C. Frogs B and C
D. Cannot be determined.
Correct Answer: B — Frogs A and C
Explanation: Identical twins are genetic matches. This means that identical twins have identical DNA scans. In the given image, the DNA scans for Frogs A and C are identical, so those are the identical twins. Frog B may look like Frogs A and C, but Frog B is genetically different from A and C.
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Shown below are the DNA scans for Frog W, Frog X, Frog Y, and Frog Z. Bands 2–4 control the presence of spots. If Frog Z does NOT have spots, which frogs DO have spots?

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A. Frogs W and Y
B. Frogs W, X, and Y
C. Frogs X and Y
D. Frog X only
Correct Answer: B — Frogs W, X, and Y
Explanation: Frog Z, which does not have spots, has "dark-light-dark" bands for bands 2–4. Therefore all frogs without spots have "dark-light-dark" in bands 2–4. Frogs W, X, Y all have "light-dark-dark" banding patterns at bands 2–4. Since this is different from what Frog Z has, Frogs W, X, and Y must all have spots.
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Frog T has escaped from a pet shop! Luckily, you were able to obtain a DNA sample from the shop. Shown below are Frogs Q, R, and S, and also the DNA scans for Frogs Q, R, S, and T. If bands 7–9 control eye color, what is the eye color of Frog T?

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A. pink
B. orange
C. green
D. blue
Correct Answer: C — green
Explanation: The sequence at bands 7–9 for Frog T is "dark-dark-light." This is identical to bands 7–9 for Frog R, which has green eyes. Therefore, Frog T must also have green eyes.
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Suppose that frogs can have either high blood pressure or low blood pressure, and this is controlled by bands 10–12. The DNA scan shown below is from a frog that has low blood pressure. Which DNA scan below was also obtained from a frog with low blood pressure?

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Four DNA scans
A. Scan A
B. Scan B
C. Scan C
D. Scan D
Correct Answer: B — Scan B
Explanation: The banding pattern at bands 10–12 in answer B is identical to the banding pattern in the given DNA scan (dark-light-light), so the scan in answer B is from a frog with low blood pressure.
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The DNA scans of three frogs are shown below. The highlighted bands determine the skin color, eye color, and whether the frogs have spots or not. Which codon determines skin color?

Frogs and scans
A. Bands 2-4
B. Bands 7-9
C. Bands 18-20
D. Cannot be determined
Correct Answer: C — Bands 18-20
Explanation: Each frog has the same eye color, and each frog has spots. The only characteristic that is different among the frogs is the skin color. Each frog has the same DNA sequence for bands 2-4 and bands 7-9, so these bands could not determine the skin color. Bands 18-20 are the same for the blue frogs (K and C) but different for the orange frog (I), so these bands determine the skin color.
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