World History

Chapter 7
Define:
* Plateau: a relatively high, flat land areas * Desert * Savanna: broad grassland dotted with small trees and shrubs
Define:
* Animism: * Griot: a special class of African storytellers who help keep alive a people’s history * Subsistence Farming: the practice of growing just enough crops for personal use, not for sale * Matrilineal: tracing lineage through the mother rather than the father * Patrilineal: tracing lineage through the father
Know the basics of these cultures:
Zimbabwe: From about 1300 to about 1450, Zimbabwe was the wealthiest and most powerful state in the region. It prospered from the gold trade with the Swahili trading communities on the eastern coast of Africa. Indeed, Zimbabwe’s gold ended up in the court of Kublai Khan, emperor of China. The ruins of Zimbabwe’s capital, known as Great Zimbabwe, illustrate the kingdom’s power and influence. The town sits on a hill overlooking the Zambezi River and is surrounded by stone walls. Ten thousand residents would have been able to live in the area enclosed by the walls. Artifacts found by at the site include household implements, ornaments made of gold and copper, and porcelain imported from China. The Great Enclosure, whose exact purpose is not known, dominated the site. It was an oval space surrounded by a wall 800 feet long, 17 feet thick, and 32 feet high (about 244 m long, 5 m thick, and 10 m high). Near the Great Enclosure were smaller walled enclosures that contained round houses built of a mudlike cement on stone foundations. In the valley below was the royal palace, surrounded by a high stone wall. The massive walls of Great Zimbabwe are unusual. The local people stacked granite blocks together without mortar to build the walls. By the middle of the 15th century, however, the city was abandoned, possibly because of damage to the land through over-grazing or natural disasters such as droughts and crop failures.

Kush: By 2000 b.c., a busy trade had arisen between Egypt and the area to the south known as Nubia. Egyptian merchants traveled to Nubia to obtain ivory, ebony, frankincense (a fragrant tree resin), and leopard skins. Although Nubia was subject to Egyptian control for many centuries, it freed itself around 1000 b.c. and became the independent state of Kush. In 750 b.c., Kush conquered Egypt. In 663 b.c., however, the Kushites, who were still using bronze and stone weapons, were overwhelmed by the Assyrians, who were armed with iron spears and swords. The Kushites, driven out of Egypt, returned to their original lands in the upper Nile valley. The economy of Kush was based on farming at first. Kush soon emerged, however, as one of the major trading states in the region, with its center at the city of Meroe. Meroe was located where a newly opened land route across the desert to the north crossed the Nile. Meroe had abundant iron ore resources. Having learned iron ore smelting from the Assyrians, the Kushites made iron weapons and tools. For the next several hundred years, Kush was a major trading empire. Kush provided iron products, ivory, gold, ebony, and slaves from central and eastern Africa to the Roman Empire, Arabia, and India. In return, the Kushites received luxury goods from India and Arabia. It seems likely that Kushite society was mostly urban. At first, state authorities probably controlled foreign trade. Extensive luxury goods found in private tombs indicate that material prosperity was relatively widespread.

Axum: Kush flourished from about 250 b.c. to about a.d. 150 but declined because of the rise of Axum. Locate in what is now Ethiopia, Axum was founded by Arabs and combined Arab and African cultures. Axum owed its prosperity to its location along the Red Sea, on the trade route between India and the Mediterranean. Axum exported ivory, frankincense, myrrh, and slaves. It imported textiles, metal goods, wine, and olive oil. For a time, Axum competed with the neighboring state of Kush for control of the ivory trade. Probably as a result of the competition for ivory, in the 4th century a.d., King ‘Ezana, the Axumite ruler, invaded and conquered Kush. Perhaps the most distinctive feature of Axumite civilization was its religion. About a.d. 330, King Ezana converted to Christianity, which was first brought to Axum by shipwrecked Syrians. The king made Christianity Axum’s official religion. Within a few centuries, a new religion-Islam-brought profound challenges to the kingdom.

Swahili: As time passed, a mixed African-Arabian culture, eventually known as Swahili, began to emerge throughout the coastal area. Intermarriage was common among the ruling groups. Gradually, the Muslim religion and Arabic architectural styles became part of a society that was still largely African. The term Swahili (from sahel, meaning “coast” in Arabic, and thus “peoples of the coast”) was also applied to the major language used in the area. The Swahili language arose as a result of trade between people from Arab lands and the Bantu people who lived along Africa’s eastern coast. The language incorporated words from both Bantu and Arabic. It enabled these two groups of people without a common language to communicate and trade. As Arab trade in ivory and slaves spread north and west, the Swahili language spread there, too.

Mali: Ghana flourished for several hundred years. Eventually weakened by wars, it collapsed during the 1100s. In its place rose new trading states in West Africa. The greatest was Mali, established in the mid 13th century by Sundiata Keita.
Founding and Economy
Like George Washington in the US, Sundiata is considered the founder of his nation. Sundiata defeated Ghana and captured its capital in 1240. He united the people of Mali a created a strong government. Extending from the Atlantic coast inland as far as the famous trading city of Timbuktu, present day Tombouctou, Mali built is wealth and power on the gold and salt trade. Most of its people, however, were farmers who grew grains such as sorghum, millet, and rice. The farmers lived in villages with local rulers, who served as both religious and administrative leaders. The ruler sent to revenues from the village to the king.
Reign of Mansa Musa
One of the richest and most powerful kings was Mansa Musa, who ruled from 1312-1337 (mansa means “king”). Mansa Musa doubled the size of the kingdom of Mali. He created a strong central government and divided the kingdom into provinces ruled by governors whom he appointed. Once he felt secure, he decided-as a devout Muslim-to make a pilgrimage to Makkah. A king, of course, was no ordinary pilgrim. Mansa Musa was joined by thousands of servants and soldiers on this journey. Accompanying the people were hundreds of camels carrying gold, as well as food, clothing, and other supplies. Everywhere he went, Mansa Musa lavished gold gifts on his hosts and bought hundreds of items with gold. By putting so much gold into circulation in such short time, he caused its value to fall. Mansa Musa pilgrimage demonstrated his wealth and power. His journey also had another legacy. Musa was inspired to make Timbuktu a center of Islamic learning and culture. In Timbuktu, he built mosques and libraries. He brought scholars to the city to study the Quran. Timbuktu became recognized as one of the intellectual capitals of the Muslim world. The city attracted religious leaders of scholars, artists from all over the Middle East and Africa. As many as 20,000 students may have attended the famous Sankore mosque. Musa proved to be the last powerful ruler of Mali. By 1359, civil war divided Mali. Within another hundred years a new kingdom-that of Songhai-was beginning to surpass Mali.

Benin: Located in West Africa, produced equally impressive in bronze during the same period. The Benin sculptures include bronze heads, many of kings, and figures of various types of animals.

Chapter 8
Understand the details of Mongol rule
Due in large part to their military prowess, the Mongols rose to power in Asia with stunning speed. The Mongols were a pastoral people from the region of modern-day Mongolia who were organized loosely into clans. Temujin, born during the 1160s, gradually unified the Mongols. In 1206 he was elected Genghis Khan-strong ruler- at a massive meeting somewhere in the Gobi. From that time on, he devoted himself to conquest. The army that Genghis Khan unleashed on the world was not usually large; it totaled less than 130,000 in 1227. It was the Mongols’ military tactics, which were devastatingly effective, that set them apart from their enemies. Mongols brought much of the Eurasian landmass under a single rule, creating the largest land empire in history. To rule the new Mongol Empire, Genghis Khan set up a capital city at Karakorum. Mongol armies traveled both to the west and to the east. Some went as far as central Europe. After the death of Genghis Khan in 1227, the empire began to change. Following Mongol custom, upon the death of the ruling khan, his heirs divided the territory. The once-united empire of Genghis Khan was split into several separate territories called khanates, each under the rule of one of his sons. It may be that only the death of Genghis Khan kept the Mongols from attacking western Europe. In 1231 the Mongols attacked Persia and then defeated the Abbasids at Baghdad in 1258. Mongol forces attacked the Song dynasty in China in the 1260s. In their attack on the Chinese, the Mongols encountered the use of gunpowder and the fire-lance. By the end of the 13th century, the fire-lance had evolved into the much more effective handgun and cannon. These inventions came too late to save China from the Mongols, however. By the early 14th century, foreigners employed by the Mongol rulers of China had introduced the use of gunpowder and firearms into Europe. In 1279 one of Genghis Khan’s grandsons, named Kublai Khan, completed the conquest of the Song and established a new Chinese dynasty, the Yuan. Kublai Khan, who ruled China until his death in 1294, established his at Khanbalik-the city of the Khan-later known by the Chinese name Beijing. The new Chinese dynasty was at first a dynamic one. Under the leadership of the talented Kublai Khan, the Yuan, or Mongol, dynasty continued to expand the empire. Mongol armies advanced into Vietnam, and Mongol fleets were launched against Java and Sumatra and twice against the islands of Japan. Only parts of northern Vietnam were conquered and then only for a while. The capital at Hanoi was destroyed. The other campaigns failed. On one occasion, a massive storm destroyed the Mongol fleet that attacked Japan, killing thousands. The Mongols used tactics such as cavalry charges and siege warfare. These were not very effective in tropical and hilly regions. The Mongols had more success in ruling China. Mongol rulers adapted to the Chinese political system and made use of Chinese bureaucrats. Culturally the Mongols were quite different from the Chinese and became a separate class with their own laws. The highest positions in the bureaucracy were usually staffed by Mongols. The Mongol dynasty won the support of many Chinese people, who respected the stability and prosperity that the Mongols had brought. By bringing the entire Eurasian landmass under a single rule, the Mongols increased trade, especially along the Silk Road. The capital at Khanbalik reflected this prosperity. The Mongol dynasty eventually fell victim to the same problems that had plagued other dynasties: too much spending on foreign conquests, corruption at court, and growing internal instability. In 1368 Zhu Yuanzhang, the son of a peasant, put together an army, ended the Mongol dynasty and set up a new dynasty, the Ming.
What is the Shinto religion
Early Japanese people worshiped spirits, called kami, whom they believed resided in trees, rivers, streams, and mountains. The Japanese also believed that the spirits of their ancestors were present in the air around them. These beliefs evolved into a religion called Shinto (“the Sacred Way” or “the Way of the Gods”).
Know these dynasties
Sui: In 581 a new empire was set up under the dynasty known as the Sui. The Sui dynasty (581-618) didn’t last long, but unified China once again under the emperor authority. Sui Yangdi, the second emperor of the dynasty, completed the Grand Canal, built to link the two great rivers of China, the Huang He (Yellow River) and the Chang Jiang (Yangtze River). Both rivers flowed from west to east. The new canal linked north and south, making it easier to ship rice from the south to the north. Sui Yangdi was a cruel ruler. He used forced labor to build the Grand Canal, which he used to keep an eye on his empire. This practice, together with high taxes, his extravagant and luxurious lifestyle, and military failures, caused a rebellion. The emperor was murdered, and his dynasty came to an end.

Khmer: In the 9th century, the kingdom of Angkor arose in the region that is present-day Cambodia. The kingdom was formed when a powerful figure named Jayavarnman united the Khmer people and established a capital at Angkor Thom. In 802 Jayavarnman was crowned as god-king of his people. For several hundred years, Angkor-or the Khmer Empire- was the most powerful state in mainland Southeast Asia. Angkor faced enemies on all sides. To the east were the Vietnamese and the kingdom of Champa. To the west was the Burmese kingdom of Pagan (modern Bagan). With the arrival in the 1300s of new peoples from the north-known today as the Thai--Angkor began to decline. In 1432 the Thai from the north destroyed the Angkor capital. The Angkor ruling class fled to the southeast, where they set up a new capital near Phnom Penh, the capital of present-day of Cambodia.

Heian: In 794 the emperor moved the capital from Nara to nearby Heian-kyo, on the site of present-day Kyoto. At Heian-kyo, the emperor continued to rule in name, but actual power remained in the hands of the Fujiwara clan. The government was returning to the decentralized system that had existed before the time of Shotoku Taishi. Powerful families whose wealth was based on the ownership of tax-exempt farmland dominated the rural areas. With the decline of central power, local aristocrats took justice into their own hands. They turned to military force, and a new class of military servants emerged whose purpose was to protect the security and property of their employers. Called the samurai (“those who serve”), these warriors fought on horseback, clad in helmet and armor, and carried a sword and a bow. Like knights, the samurai were supposed to live by a strict warrior code, known in Japan as Bushido (“the way of the warrior”).

Tang: Lasted for nearly 300 hundred years 618-907. The early Tang rulers began their reigns by instituting reforms, as rulers often did in the early days of new dynasties. They create a more stable economy by giving land to the peasants and breaking up the power of the owners of the large estates. They also restored the civil service examination to serve as the chief method of recruiting officials for the civilian bureaucracy. The civil service examination tested a student’s grasp of Confucian principles. Young men prepared to take the examination by memorizing all the Confucian classics. They had little free time and were forbidden to take part in any strenuous physical activities. They were taught never to use their hands except for painting or writing. After many years of education, only about one in five students managed to pass the examination and receive a position in the civil service. Tang rulers worked hard to restore the power of China in East Asia. They brought peace to northwestern China and gained control of parts of Central Asia north of the Himalaya from Tibet. The Chinese imperial court also set up trade and diplomatic relations with the states of Southeast Asia. The Tang sowed the seeds of their own destruction. Tang rulers were unable to prevent plotting and government corruption. One emperor was especially unfortunate. Emperor Tang Xuanzang is remembered for his devotion to a commoner’s daughter, Yang Guifei. To entertain her, he kept hundreds of dancers and musicians at court. He also ordered riders to travel thousands of miles to bring her fresh fruit. The emperor’s favorite general led a bloody revolt. The army demanded that someone be held accountable for the war and strife in the country. For this reason the emperor invited his true love to hang herself from a nearby tree, although it is said that for the rest of his life, the emperor “washed his face every day with fountain of tears.” During the 8th century the Tang dynasty weakened and became prey to rebellions. Tang rulers hired Uighurs, a northern tribal group of Turkic-speaking people, to fight for the dynasty. Continued unrest, led to the collapse of Tang rule in 907.
What is The Tale of Genji
A novel written by court author Murasaki Shikibu. The novel traces the life of noblemen Genji as he moves from youthful adventures to a life of compassion in his later years.
Know these terms and names * Shogun: “general”, a powerful military leader in Japan * Wu Chao: One of the few Chinese women that had power. Known as Empress Wu. The concubine of the second Tang emperor, she then became empress of China and ruled for half a century.

Chapter 9
Who were these individuals * Charlemagne: Son of Pepin. Became king of Frankish in 768. * William of Normandy: led an army on the coast of England and soundly defeated King Harold and his foot soldiers at the Battle of Hastings. Crowned King of England. * Benedict: A monk who wrote a set of rules to guide a community of monks he founded.
Define these terms * Fief: under feudalism, a grant of land made to a vassal; the vassal held political authority within his fief. * Patriarch: the head of the Eastern Orthodox Church, originally appointed by the Byzantine emperor.
Identify
* Vikings: The most far reaching attacks of the time came from the Norsemen or Northmen of Scandinavia, also called the Vikings. The Vikings were a Germanic people. Their great love of adventure and their search for spoils of war and new avenues of trade may have been what led them to invade other areas of Europe. In the 9th century Vikings sacked villages & towns, destroyed churches and easily defeated small local armies. The Vikings were warriors, and they were superb shipbuilders and sailors. Their ships were the best of the period. Long and narrow with beautifully carved, arched, prows, the Vikings dragon ships carried about 50 men. The construction of the ships enabled them to sail up European rivers and attack places far inland. * Constantinople: During the 400s, Germanic tribes moved into the Western Roman Empire and established their states. In contrast, the Eastern Roman Empire, centered on Constantinople, continued to exist, although pressured by powerful Islamic forces beginning in the 600s. * Crusades: Military expeditions carried out by European Christians in the Middle Ages to regain the Holy Land from the Muslims.
Summarize the importance of the Norman Conquest in 1066
On October 14, 1066, an army of heavily armed knights under William of Normandy landed on the coast of England and soundly defeated King Harold and his foot soldiers at the Battle of Hastings. William was crowned king of England. Norman knights received parcels of land, which they held as fiefs, from the king William made all nobles swear an oath of loyalty to him as sole ruler of England. The Norman ruling class spoke French, but the marriage of the Normans with the Anglo-Saxon nobility gradually merged Anglo-Saxon and French into a new English language. The Normans also took over existing Anglo-Saxon institutions, such as the office of sheriff. William took a census, known as the Domesday Book. It was the first census taken in Europe since Roman times and included people, manors, and farm animals. William also developed more fully the system of taxation and royal courts began by earlier Anglo-Saxon kings.
Chapter 10
Identify these names and events * Clement V: Frenchmen, Clement V, elected as pope in 1305. Clement took up residence in Avignon in southern France. From 1305 to 1377, the popes lived in Avignon. * Hundred Years’ War: The Hundred Years War was the most violent struggle during this period.
The War Begins
Trouble began over the duchy of Gascony in France. England possessed it, and France wanted it. Kind Edward III of England was also the duke of Gascony and a vassal to the French king. When King Phillip VI of France seized the duchy in 1337, Edward declared war on Philip. Thus began the Hundred Years War between England and France. * Joan of Arc: A French peasant woman saved the timid monarch. The daughter of prosperous peasants, Joan of Arc was deeply religious person. She experienced visions and believed that saints had commanded her to free France. Though only 17, Joan’s sincerity and simplicity persuaded Charles to allow her to accompany a French army to Orleans. The French armies found new confidence & seized Orleans. Joan had brought the war to a turning point but did not live to see its end. The English captured Joan in 1430 and turned her over to the Inquisition on charges of witchcraft. At the time visions were thought to be inspired by either God of the devil. Joan was condemned to death as a heretic. * War of the Roses: The Hundred Years’ War had also strongly affected the English. Both the cost of the war and losses in manpower strained the economy. At the end of the war, England faced even greater turmoil when civil conflicts—known as the Wars of the Roses—erupted. Noble factions fought to control the monarchy until 1485, when Henry Tudor established a new dynasty. As the first Tudor king, Henry VII worked to create a strong royal government. Henry ended the wars of the nobles by abolishing their private armies. He was also very thrifty. By not overburdening the nobles and the middle class with taxes, Henry won their favor. They thus provided much support for his monarchy. * Great Schism: Perceiving the decline in papal prestige, Pope Gregory XI returned to Rome in 1377 but soon died. When the cardinals met to elect a new pope, citizens of Rome warned that the cardinals would not leave Rome alive unless they elected an Italian. The cardinals wisely elected an Italian, Pope Urban VI. Five months later a group of French cardinals declared the election invalid and chose a Frenchman as pope. The pope returned to Avignon. Because Urban remained in Rome, there were now two popes, beginning the Great Schism of the Church. Lasting from 1378-1417, the Great Schism divided Europe, France and its allies supported the pope in Avignon. As France’s enemies, England and its allies supported the pope in Rome. The Great Schism damaged the Church. The pope was widely believed to be the true leader of Christendom. When each line of popes denounced the other as the Antichrist, people’s faith in both the papacy and the Church were undermined. The situation became worse when an effort to resolve the problem in 1409 resulted in the simultaneous reign of three popes. A church council finally met at Constance, Switzerland, and ended the schism in 1417. The competing popes either resigned or were deposed. * Black Death: The Middle Ages in Europe had reached a high point in the 1200s. In the 1300s, some disastrous changes took place. Especially catastrophic was the Black Death, the most devastating natural disaster in European history. It spread by black rats infested with fleas carrying a deadly bacterium. It spread through France, the Low Countries (modern Belgium, Luxembourg, and the Netherlands), and Germany. Eastern Europe & Russia were affected also.
Define these terms * Lay investiture: the practice by which secular rulers both chose nominees to church offices and gave them the symbols of their office. * Taille: an annual direct tax, usually on land or property, that provided a regular source of income for the French monarchy. * Guilds: a business association that is associated with a particular trade or craft; guilds evolved in 12th century and played a leading role in the economic life of medieval cities * Serfs: in medieval Europe, a peasant legally bound to the land who had to provide labor services, pay rents, and be subject to the lord’s control * Vernacular: the language of everyday speech in a particular region
Chapter 11
Describe these groups in detail * Anasazi: The Southwest covers the territory of present-day New Mexico, Arizona, Utah, & Colorado. Conditions are dry, but there is sufficient rain in some areas for farming. The Anasazi peoples established an extensive farming society there. Between a.d. 500 and 1200, the Anasazi used canals and earthen dams to turn parts of the desert into fertile gardens. They were skilled at making baskets and beautifully crafted pottery. They used stone and adobe (sun-dried bricks) to build pueblos, multistoried structures that housed many people. At Chaco Canyon in northwestern New Mexico, they built an elaborate center for their civilization. At the heart of Chaco Canyon was Pueblo Bonito. This was a large complex that contained some 800 rooms housing more than 1,000 people. The Pueblo Bonito complex included communal rooms where people assembled to perform religious rituals. This flourishing center could not survive a series of droughts that occurred over a 50 year period. Finally the Anasazi had to abandon the center. The Anasazi culture itself did not die. To the north southern Colorado, a large community had formed at Mesa Verde. Today this is a national park in the United States. Groups of Anasazi there built a remarkable series of buildings in the recesses of the cliff walls. The Anasazi abandoned the settlement in the late 1200s because of a prolonged drought. * Hopewell: One Eastern Woodlands group was the Hopewell people in the Ohio River valley. They extended their culture along the Mississippi River. The Hopewell people, known as the Mound Builders, built large, elaborate earth mounds that were used as tombs or for ceremonies. * Mississippians: The shift to full-time farming about a.d. 700 led to a prosperous culture in the Mississippi River valley. This Mississippian culture grew corn, squash, and beans together to provide plants with nutrients, support, and shade. Cities began to appear, some of them containing 10,000 people or more. At the site of Cahokia, near the modern city of East St. Louis, Illinois, archaeologists found a burial mound over 98 feet high. It had a base larger than that of the Great Pyramid. Between a.d. 850 and 1150, Cahokia flourished and served as the seat of government. For reasons unknown, Cahokia collapsed during the 1200s. * Aztecs: The origins of the Aztec are uncertain. Sometime during the 12th century a.d. they began a long migration that brought them to the Valley of Mexico. They eventually established a capital at Tenochitlan now Mexico City. * Mayans: Flourished between a.d. 300 and 900. Built splendid temples and pyramids and developed a complicated calendar as accurate as any in existence in the world at that time. The Maya were a farming people who cleared the dense rain forests, developed farming, and centered their culture in city-states. * Inca: After the collapse of the Moche civilization in the 8th century a.d. period of decline set in until the rise of a new power about 300 years later. The kingdom of Chimor dominated the area for nearly 4 centuries until the Inca destroyed it and created a spectacular empire. The Inca were only a small community in the area of Cuzco. * Olmec: Discovered in the 1940s. They called these people the Olmec, or “rubber people”, because of the rubber trees that grew in the area where they lived. Olmec, the first-known civilization in Mesoamerica, appeared around 1200 b.c. They farmed along riverbanks in the hot, swampy lowlands along the coast of the Gulf of Mexico south of Veracruz. They traded with other peoples of Mesoamerica for jade and obsidian to make their tools, jewelry, and monuments. Olmec objects have been found in central Mexico. The Olmec had large cities that were centers for their religious rituals. The oldest city was San Lorenzo, which contained pyramids and other stone monuments. In La Venta a 30 foot high pyramid towered above the city. Olmec skilled artisans also carved a series of colossal stone heads, probably to represent their gods or rulers. Around 400 b.c. the Olmec civilization declined and eventually collapsed.
Who was Hiawatha
A member of the Onondaga group. The combined efforts of Deganawida and Hiawatha came the Great Peace, which created an alliance of five groups called the Iroquois League.
Chapter 12
Who were these Renaissance artists and what did they do * Michelangelo: Renaissance sculptor and painter who led the artistic revitalization of Rome in the late 1400s and early 1500s. Ceiling of the Sistine Chapel painted by Michelangelo off & on from 1508-1534. * Leonardo: Renaissance artist who mastered other disciplines such as science, engineering, and architecture. He painted the “Last Supper” and the “Mona Lisa”.
Know These Terms * Protestant Reformation: Name given to the religious reform movement that divided the western Church into Catholic and Protestant groups. * Counter (Catholic) Reformation: Ignatius, a Spanish nobleman, founded the Society of Jesus, known to us as the Jesuits. They took a vow of absolute obedience to the pope, meaning that they weren’t responsible to any other church body. Jesuits made education their focus and were able to retake parts of Germany and Eastern Europe for the Catholic Church. Reform of papacy: the Renaissance Popes were known for their excesses in many areas finance, military, political, and romantic. They recognized that this had to stop because they were losing the support of the people. Council of Trent: reaffirmed traditional Catholic teachings. Both faith and good works were necessary for salvation. There were 7 valid sacraments. Clerical celibacy was mandatory; purgatory was valid, but no more selling indulgencies.
Identify these names * John Calvin: Protestant reformer from France. In 1536 he published the Institutes of the Christian Religion. He was a close ally of Luther. * Johann Gutenberg: sold indulgences
Know everything in detail about Martin Luther * 1483-1546 * Born in Saxony * Guilty/anxious/fearful child * Very stern and angry father * Stuck down during storm * Becomes monk: fasting, confession, sacrifices * “the Just shall live by faith” * 10/15/1517 posts 95 thesis * Invites scholars to debate this issue * Luther is outlaw and heretic * No one gave him food/shelter * All Luther’s books were to be burned
Chapter 13
Know the importance of Portugal during the Age of Exploration
Portugal took the lead in European exploration. Beginning in 1420 under the sponsorship of Prince Henry the Navigator, Portuguese fleets began probing south-ward along the western coast of Africa. They discovered a new source of gold. The southern coast of West Africa thus became known to Europeans as the Gold Coast. Portuguese sea captains heard reports of a route to India around the southern tip of Africa. In 1488 Bartholomeu Dias rounded the tip, called the Cape of Good Hope. Vasco da Gama went around the cape and cut across the Indian Ocean to the coast of India. In May of 1498 he arrived off the port of Calicut. There he took on a cargo of spices. After returning to Portugal, da Gama made a profit of several thousand percent. Portuguese fleets returned to the area to take control of the spice trade from the Muslims. In 1509 Portuguese warships defeated a combined fleet of Turkish and Indian ships off the coast of India. A year later, Admiral Afonso de Albuquerque set up a port at Goa, on the western coast of India.
What are the differences between peninsulares * Creoles: a person of European descent born in the New World and living there permanently. * Mestizos: a person of mixed European and native American Indian descent
Define the Middle Passage
The journey of enslaved persons from Africa to the Americas, so called because it was the middle portion of the triangular trade route.