1. Sensory Modalities: touch, pain, vision and hearing a. General Senses: both, somatic and visceral i. Somatic: tactile, Thermal, Pain, Proprioceptive ii. Visceral: internal organs b. Special Senses: Smell, Taste, Vision, Hearing, Equilibrium, Balance 2. Process of Sensation c. Stimulation of a sensory receptor d. Transduction of the stimulus e. Generation of nerve impulses iii. First-order neurons: from PNS to CNS f. Integration of sensory input 3. Sensory Receptors g. Types iv. Free Nerve Endings: bare dendrites v. Encapsulated Nerve Endings: pressure, vibration, some touch vi. Separate Cells: specialized 1. Hair cells for hearing and equilibrium 2. Gustatory receptor cells for taste 3. Photoreceptors for vision h. Generator Potential: when free nerve endings, encapsulated nerve endings and olfactory receptors reach threshold , triggers one or more impulses in the 1st order sensory neuron. i. Receptor Potentials: created by separate cells j. Receptor cells that are grouped based on their location vii. Exteroreceptors: located at or near the surface of the body viii. Interoreceptors/visceroreceptors: located in blood vessels, visceral organs, muscles and nervous system 4. Not consciously perceived k. Receptor cells that are grouped based on the type of stimulus they detect ix. Mechanoreceptors: sensitive to deformation, stretching or bending of cells x. Thermoreceptors: detect changes in temperature xi. Nociceptors: painful stimuli resulting from physical or chemical damage to tissue xii. Photoreceptors: detect light that strikes the retina of the eye xiii. Chemoreceptors: detect chemicals in the mouth(taste), nose(smell) and body fluids xiv. Osmoreceptors: osmotic pressure of body fluids l. Adaptation in sensory receptors: generator or receptor potential decreases in amplitude during a maintained, constant stimulus. xv. Rapidly Adapting: signal changes in stimulus xvi. Slowly Adapting: continue to trigger impulses as long as the stimulus persists 4. Somatic Sensations m. Cutaneous Sensations xvii. Tactile 5. Touch 6. Pressure 7. Vibration 8. Itch 9. Tickle xviii. Thermal
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