Italian unification 1820-21 revolutions
1820-1 Revolutions: What happened and why did they fail?
Neapolitan revolt, 1820
Restoration of the Bourbon Monarchy in Naples
Ferdinand I and chief minister Luigi de Medici introduced several measures 1818 restored church to a position of power and influence e.g. Censorship Financial difficulty after 1815 and had to pay reparations imposed by Austria for the Austrian army of occupation. Union with Naples in 1815 very unpopular The repeal of the Sicilian-British style constitution was a grievance as many had hoped Bourbons would bring a constitution that would guarantee political liberties
Trigger for revolution was news from Spain of an uprising against King Ferdinand VII that had resulted in the promise of the desired constitution
General Guglielmo Pepe led three regiments of soldiers and won a new constitution based on the Spanish constitution model of 1812
Pepe put in charge of the army and new government with members of Carbonari
Why Failed
Small scale 30 members of the Carbonari supported by 100 soldiers Ranks swelled more by members of the Carbonari than peasants
Failure of organisation New government undermined by own weakness - Carbonari divided Rumours of Carbonari seizing church property but not the case and had no policies beyond the demand for constitution
Sicilian revolution, 1821
Uprising in Naples spread to Sicily, support for new constitution Led by workers of Palermo who belonged to the Maestranze ( A division of 72 guilds, protective of its own privileges; little sympathy for middle class of liberals)
Why failed
Lack of support Little in their demands for nationalist sentiment so confined to Palermo New Neapolitan government wanted to restrain revolutionary comrades, even if it meant using military force Ferdinand renounced the constitution and asked for military support to crush his own government and unleashed a wave of repression to publicly execute the Carbonari.
Austrian
Neapolitan revolt, 1820
Restoration of the Bourbon Monarchy in Naples
Ferdinand I and chief minister Luigi de Medici introduced several measures 1818 restored church to a position of power and influence e.g. Censorship Financial difficulty after 1815 and had to pay reparations imposed by Austria for the Austrian army of occupation. Union with Naples in 1815 very unpopular The repeal of the Sicilian-British style constitution was a grievance as many had hoped Bourbons would bring a constitution that would guarantee political liberties
Trigger for revolution was news from Spain of an uprising against King Ferdinand VII that had resulted in the promise of the desired constitution
General Guglielmo Pepe led three regiments of soldiers and won a new constitution based on the Spanish constitution model of 1812
Pepe put in charge of the army and new government with members of Carbonari
Why Failed
Small scale 30 members of the Carbonari supported by 100 soldiers Ranks swelled more by members of the Carbonari than peasants
Failure of organisation New government undermined by own weakness - Carbonari divided Rumours of Carbonari seizing church property but not the case and had no policies beyond the demand for constitution
Sicilian revolution, 1821
Uprising in Naples spread to Sicily, support for new constitution Led by workers of Palermo who belonged to the Maestranze ( A division of 72 guilds, protective of its own privileges; little sympathy for middle class of liberals)
Why failed
Lack of support Little in their demands for nationalist sentiment so confined to Palermo New Neapolitan government wanted to restrain revolutionary comrades, even if it meant using military force Ferdinand renounced the constitution and asked for military support to crush his own government and unleashed a wave of repression to publicly execute the Carbonari.
Austrian