Fluid Flow Principles and Its Application

f NHYDRAULICS 1 (HYDRODYNAMICS)

SPRING 2005

Part 1. Fluid-Flow Principles
1. Introduction
1.1 Definitions
1.2 Notation and fluid properties
1.3 Hydrostatics
1.4 Fluid dynamics
1.5 Control volumes
1.6 Visualising fluid flow
1.7 Real and ideal fluids
1.8 Laminar and turbulent flow

2. Continuity (mass conservation)
2.1 Flow rate
2.2 The steady continuity equation
2.3 Unsteady continuity equation

3. The Equation of Motion
3.1 Forms of the equation of motion
3.2 Fluid acceleration
3.3 Bernoulli’s equation
3.4 Application to flow measurement
3.5 Other applications (flow through an orifice; tank-emptying)

4. The Momentum Principle
4.1 Steady-flow momentum principle
4.2 Applications (pipe contractions; pipe bends; jets)

5. Energy
5.1 Derivation of Bernoulli’s equation from an energy principle
5.2 Fluid head
5.3 Departures from ideal flow (discharge coefficients; loss coefficients; momentum & energy coefficients)

Part 2. Applications (Separate Notes)
1. Hydraulic Jump
2. Pipe Flow (Dr Lane-Serff)

Recommended Reading
Hamill, 2001, Understanding Hydraulics, 2nd Edition, Palgrave, ISBN 0-333-77906-1
Chadwick, Morfett and Borthwick, 2004, Hydraulics in Civil and Environmental
Engineering, 4th Edition, Spon Press, ISBN 0-415-30609-4
Massey, 1998, Mechanics of Fluids, 7th Edition, (Revised by Ward-Smith, J.), Stanley
Thornes, ISBN 0-748-74043-0
White, 2003, Fluid Mechanics, 5th Edition, McGraw-Hill, ISBN 0-07-240217-2

Hydraulics 1

1

David Apsley

1. Introduction and Basic Principles
1.1 Definitions
A fluid is a body of matter that can flow; i.e. continues to deform under a shearing force.
Fluids may be liquids (definite volume; free surface) or gases (expand to fill any container).
Fluids obey the usual laws of Newtonian mechanics, but as a continuum. Unlike rigid bodies, fluid particles may move relative to each other, interacting via internal forces. These are usually expressed in terms of stresses (stress