English grammar summary

Part 1: INTRODUCTION TO GRAMMAR
1. Introduction: what is grammar? phonology lexicology(lexicology + lexicography (voc)) phonetics syntax morphology pragmatics
2. Levels of Grammatical Analysis
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2.1 Discourse(text level) consists ofimmediate constituent of

shows cohesion cohesion can take form of ellipsis
2.2 Sentence(zin)

2.3 Clause(deelzin)

main clause (can be textually dependent) subclause = subordinate clause (structurally dependent) with subordinating conjunction
2.4 Phrase(woordgroep)
2.5 Word(woord)
= lexical item simple or compound
2.6 Morpheme(morfeem) smallest meaningful unit of grammar free or bound cats: 2 morphemes (cat + s) 4 phonemes /kӕts/
3. Categories in Grammatical Analysis: form, function, meaning
3.1 Form (or Formal) Categories
1) Sentence level: simple, compound, complex, complex compound, compound complex
2) Clause level: main clause, subclause, finite, non-finite, …3) Phrase level: noun phrase, adjective phrase, prepositional phrase, adverb phrase, …4) Word level: noun, lexical verb, (modal) auxiliary, demonstrative det., personal pronoun, …3.2 Function (or Functional) Categories

Sentence or Clause level:
Subject, Direct Object, Indirect Obj., Prepositional Obj., Complement to the Subj., Complement to the Obj., Adverbial Adjunct, Adverbial Disjunct, Adverbial Conjunct, …
Phrase level:
Determiner, Premodifier, Head, Postmodifier3.3 Meaning (or Semantic) Categories
Adverbials: of time, place, instrument, manner, …Pronouns and Determiners: demonstrative, possessive, reflexive, interrogative, …Agent: performs the action
Patient: undergoes the action
4. Grammatical Analysis at Sentence Level
3 basic types of sentence structure:(formal labels)
- simple- compound- complexcompound complex/complex compound
5. Grammatical Analysis at Clause Level
5.1 Formal Types of Subclauses
5.1.1 Finite Subclausesconjugated form or the verb
5.1.2 Non-finite