Explain why the changes occurred.
Discuss the influence of social class and gender on participation in sports and pastimes in both pre-industrial and post-industrial Britain.
[20]
Indicative content
Sub sub-max 5 comparison of
Sub sub-max 5
Popular Recreation &
Rational Recreation
Explanation of Differences
1. Local
Regional / national / international
2. improved transport / improved communications / impact of railways
3. Uncodified / simple Rules
Codified
4. Increased literacy / influence of ex- public schoolboys / dev. of NGBs
5. Cruel & / or violent
Respectable / civilised / non violent
6. The civilising process / influence of change in attitudes
7. Occasional
Regular
8. More structured free time / increased free time / machine time / Saturday 1/2 day
9. Rural
Urban / suburban
10. Impact of industrial revolution / urban revolution
11. Occupational
For leisure
12. play was an integral part of life in Pre-industrial Britain whereas it became something to do after work / impact of Protestant work ethic
13. Wagering
Wagering reduced
14. Increased law and order / adverse attitudes of church / factory owners towards gambling.
Alternative valid points / equivalents should be accepted
Influence of Social Class
In Pre-Industrial Britain
In Post-industrial Britain
15. Britain predominantly a 2 class society / upper class / gentry / aristocracy v lower class / peasants attitudes / values (if mark not given earlier)
21. Emergence of new middle class / middle class attitudes / values (if mark was not give earlier)
16. Each class played different games / e.g. real tennis for upper class and mob football for lower class
22. Changes in work conditions for working class / class affected when you got Saturday day
17. Or had a different roles within the same activity / e.g. patron and pedestrian
23. Excursion trips for working class by benevolent industrialists
18. Impact of community activities / e.g. Fairs / wakes / opportunity for fun for all / ‘free’ enjoyment
24. Holiday patterns / week paid holiday for working class by late 19th century
19. Lower class couldn’t travel far / had to walk / did not have transport
25. Amateur is for middle / upper classes / professionals tended to be working class
20. Upper class had horses and coaches / more opportunity
Influence of Gender
In Pre-industrial Britain
In Post-industrial Britain
26. Peasant women free to be athletic / physical / smock racing / unrestricted
28. Impact of Victorian ethics / restraints / beliefs that physical activity was harmful / would affect fertility / importance of dress code
27. Upper class women had more freedom but more suitable to class, e.g. Archery, Equestrianism, Hawking
29. Working class women had limited time / limited money / restricted opportunity/ & provision / large families / worked long hours in factories
30. Impact of late 19th century development of athleticism in girls’ / boys’ public and private schools
31. In both pre-industrial and post- industrial Britain sports and pastimes were male dominant
[20]
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